竞技运动中自我控制的逆效应

自我控制的逆效应是指在高压力下,在进行努力地自我控制的过程中产了与意愿相反的心理状态的现象。文章介绍了逆加工理论的双过程模型,评论了与竞技运动相关的动作控制、情绪控制、消极表象抑制、放松和集中注意的心理控制的逆加工效应研究,并指出竞技运动中自我控制的逆加工效应研究存在三方面的局限：缺乏生态学效度、心理控制的逆效应的测量不够客观和应对策略研究不足,未来的研究应该在这三个方面有所改进     

Perceptual Bias in Speech Error Data Collection: Insights from Spanish Speech Errors

This paper studies the reliability and validity of naturalistic speech errors as a tool for language production research. Possible biases when collecting naturalistic speech errors are identified and specific predictions derived. These patterns are then contrasted with published reports from Germanic languages (English, German and Dutch) and one Romance language (Spanish). Unlike findings in the Germanic languages, Spanish speech errors show many patterns which run contrary to those expected from bias: (1) more phonological errors occur between words than within word; (2) word-initial consonants are less likely to participate in errors than word-medial consonants, (3) errors are equally likely in stressed and in unstressed syllables, (4) perseverations are more frequent than anticipations, and (5) there is no trace of a lexical bias. We present a new corpus of Spanish speech errors collected by many theoretically naïve observers (whereas the only corpus available so far was collected by two highly trained theoretically informed observers), give a general overview of it, and use it to replicate previous reports. In spite of the different susceptibility of these methods to bias, results were remarkably similar in both corpora and again contrary to predictions from bias. As a result, collecting speech errors “in the wild” seems to be free of bias to a reasonable extent even when using a multiple-collector method. The observed contrasting patterns between Spanish and Germanic languages arise as true cross-linguistic differences.     

The neural basis of prolonged suppression of predatory attack. I. Naturally occurring physiological differences in the limbic systems of killer and non-killer cats

The epileptic excitability of the basolateral amygdala was found to correlate with differences in predatory and defensive predisposition of rat-killing cats and non-rat killers. The threshold for elicitation of afterdischarge (ADT) in the amygdalas of rat killers was higher than the ADTs of non-rat killers. Furthermore, non-rat killers with the lowest ADTs had the weakest attack tendencies and were most sensitive to a variety of environmental threats in addition to those posed by prey. These differences in excitability were not found in control areas lateral to the amygdala or in the ventral hippocampus. The possibility that ADT is a behaviorally relevant measure of a long-term predatory suppression function of the amygdala is discussed.     

事与愿违？思维抑制中的立即增强效应和延迟反弹效应

思维抑制作为一种重要的自我调节策略,对维护个体的心理健康具有重要意义,但在思维抑制的过程中,会出现立即增强效应或延迟反弹效应。本文在介绍思维抑制研究范式发展脉络的基础上,分别从信息加工和动机视角对思维抑制的加工机制及其影响因素进行了梳理,并据此指出未来研究应改进研究范式,考察环境变量对思维抑制的影响,整合理论解释以及开发改善精神障碍患者思维抑制的训练方法。     

3─6岁儿童层级类概念发展的实验研究

以３－６岁儿童为被试,以７个常见物体种类的图片为实验材料,按概念水平（基本类概念及上级类概念）以及选择图与目标图的感知相似程度（高、中、低）将实验材料分为四种类型,对３－６岁儿童层级类概念的发展过程进行了研究。结果表明：（１）３岁幼儿已能按基本类概念标准进行正确的种类匹配;对于上级类概念,３－５岁儿童的匹配能力尚较差,６岁基本达到掌握水平。（２）实验材料的感知相似程度对３－５岁儿童的上级类概念匹配操作有显著性影响,６岁儿童才摆脱了这种制约作用。     

3─6岁儿童层级类概念发展的实验研究

以３－６岁儿童为被试,以７个常见物体种类的图片为实验材料,按概念水平（基本类概念及上级类概念）以及选择图与目标图的感知相似程度（高、中、低）将实验材料分为四种类型,对３－６岁儿童层级类概念的发展过程进行了研究。结果表明：（１）３岁幼儿已能按基本类概念标准进行正确的种类匹配;对于上级类概念,３－５岁儿童的匹配能力尚较差,６岁基本达到掌握水平。（２）实验材料的感知相似程度对３－５岁儿童的上级类概念匹配操作有显著性影响,６岁儿童才摆脱了这种制约作用。     

字符的知觉表征及其启动

实验以英文单词,汉字和图片为材料,采用速示补笔测验测量了大脑左右半球的启动效应。结果是,如果学习与测验的字体和大小不变,则视觉启动右半球高于左半球。其他材料不产生这种效应。这表明,至少有一个分离的系统对构成启动的汉字的视觉表征进行编码,此系统在右半球表征形状特异形状特异信息更有效;对字符抽象特征的表征,两半球无显著差异,速示补笔测量的是前语义水平的知觉表征,是一种知觉（数据驱动）内隐记忆测验。     

MANIPULATION OF POTENTIAL PUNISHMENT PARAMETERS IN THE TREATMENT OF SELF-INJURY1

The self-injurious behavior (SIB) of a blind, profoundly retarded male was observed within a field setting as multiple forms of punishment were applied. The effects of hair-tug punishment were first systematically examined, then hair-tug and electric shock punishment were administered in varing ratios (of punishment deliveries per SIB response) supplemented by continuous restraint contingencies and made contingent on recurrent antecedents of SIB cycles. Treatments were applied over six months of consecutive daily sessions ranging from 30 min to 8 hr duration. Posttreatment followup observations were taken 12, 24, and 34 months after treatment. Partial suppression was produced as a direct function of hair-tug punishment in the initial phase. A generally progressive decrement was produced on already lowered SIB rates with the succeeding components of the treatment package. Extended periods of total SIB suppression occurred as punishment was rendered contingent on antecedent components of each SIB response cycle. Followup observations of nearly 3 yr duration indicated total suppression generalized over all settings in which the subject functioned. The findings were related to the contrasting limits prevailing in most reports of punishment-based SIB suppression.     

RECREATING THE SCENE: AN EFFECTIVE WAY TO PROVIDE DELAYED PUNISHMENT FOR INAPPROPRIATE MOTOR BEHAVIOR

A mediated punishment procedure that involved recreating a behavioral sequence by guiding the subject through the behavior in the situation in which it occurred was used to suppress several severe problem behaviors in two developmentally delayed children. The mediational procedure was first used with a 4-year-old autistic boy for biting and then for foot stomping. Next the procedure was used for stealing and hoarding behavior with a multiply handicapped 17-year-old girl. Results indicated that the procedure was effective and produced relatively rapid results. One advantage of the procedure is that it provides an opportunity for trained personnel to apply restrictive procedures to low frequency behavior that occurs in their absence rather than relying on less qualified staff to implement the procedure immediately after the behavior occurs.     

Effects of d-amphetamine and pentobarbital under concurrent fixed-ratio schedules.

Pigeons were studied under a two-key concurrent fixed-ratio schedule of food presentation. During the first five sessions, the fixed-ratio requirements were 30 responses on one key (major key) and 120 responses on the other key (minor key): responding occurred almost exclusively on the major key. When the fixed-ratio requirements were then made equal at 30 responses on both keys, responding continued to predominate on the major key. The asymmetric distribution of responses persisted when the concurrent fixed-ratio fixed-ratio schedule was interrupted with periods during which the major key was associated with extinction while the other key remained associated with a fixed-ratio schedule. Additionally, in some subjects the fixed-ratio requirements were increased. These schedule modifications decreased the asymmetry in responding but did not eliminate it. d-Amphetamine decreased rates on both keys and slightly increased the asymmetric distribution of responses, while pentobarbital reversed the distribution of responses by increasing low rates and decreasing high rates. The pigeons maintained their original asymmetric distribution of responses during the 1 1/2-year-long study, despite schedule alterations and drug administrations.