行为决策视野中的幸福及其提升策略

人类的终极目标之一就是获得幸福。随着行为决策研究的不断发展, 近年来有许多行为决策领域的研究者开始了对幸福的探索。行为决策中的幸福法则包括：快乐编辑、少即是更好、巅峰-结尾法则、短视和损失规避。基于这些法则的提升幸福的策略主要包括：告诉消息的策略、赠送礼物的策略、使用损失规避提升幸福的策略、使用巅峰-结尾法则提升幸福的策略和克服行为短视的策略。     

复杂决策规则下MIRT的分类准确性和分类一致性

介绍多维项目反应理论模型下分类准确性和分类一致性指标, 采用蒙特卡罗方法实现复杂决策规则下指标计算, 并从数学上证明分类准确性指标两类估计量在均匀先验和相同决策规则条件下依概率收敛于同一真值。研究结果表明：分类准确性指标可以比较准确地评价分类结果的准确性; 分类一致性指标可以较好地评价分类结果的重测一致性; 在一定条件下, 基于能力量尺的指标优于基于原始总分的指标; 纵使测验维度增加, 估计精度仍比较好; 随着测验长度和维度间相关增加, 分类准确性和分类一致性更高。指标可以用来评价标准参照测验或计算机分类测验的多种决策规则下分类信度和效度。     

How does reading direction modulate perceptual asymmetry effects?

Left-side bias effects refer to a bias towards the left side of the stimulus/space in perceptual/visuospatial judgments, and are argued to reflect dominance of right hemisphere processing. It remains unclear whether reading direction can also account for the bias effect. Previous studies comparing readers of languages read from left to right with those read from right to left (e.g., French vs. Hebrew) have obtained inconsistent results. As a language that can be read from left to right or from right to left, Chinese provides a unique opportunity for a within-culture examination of reading direction effects. Chinese participants performed a perceptual judgment task (with both face and Chinese character stimuli; Experiment 1) and two visuospatial attention tasks (the greyscales and line bisection tasks; Experiment 2) once before and once after a reading task, in which they read Chinese passages either from left to right or from right to left for about 20 min. After reading from right to left, participants showed significantly reduced left-side bias in Chinese character perceptual judgments but not in the other three tasks. This effect suggests that the role of reading direction on different forms of left-side bias may differ, and its modulation may be stimulus-specific.     

国外临床决策研究进展（上）

2004年～2010年国际医学决策学会年会,提出许多与临床相关的决策问题,其中包括健康经济学与成本效益分析,临床方法学研究进展,医患双方的临床决策选择,公共卫生服务研究和诊疗策略的关系,临床策略与治疗指南,高新技术与适宜技术等。本文就以上问题,尤其是临床决策研究热点,对国外临床决策研究进展进行总结、探讨和评价,为临床应...     

在日常工作中强化急诊医学临床决策方法训练初探

急诊医学是临床决策应用最频繁的学科之一。为了提高我院急诊科医师的临床决策水平,全科医师在3人“研究小组”带领下,于2009年10月至2010年12月,通过研习有关文献掌握常用的临床决策方法;在分诊、接诊、抢救、晨会、主任查房、病例讨论会等日常工作环节,强化临床决策方法的训练和运用。比较4种主要决策方法在“训练前组”和“训练后组”抢救病例的应用比例,发现快捷的“模式识别法”和“运用规则法”的使用比例明显提高,严谨而费时的“假设一演绎法”的使用比例明显降低,“事件驱动法”和“失误率”无明显变化。提示：在日常工作中强化急诊医学临床决策方法的训练有助于提高急诊医师的临床决策水平。     

妇产科临床决策中的辩证思维

妇产科临床实践中处处可以体现辩证唯物主义哲学原理的作用,以辩证的思维去认识妇产科疾病,树立整体观念、认清病情发展的主要矛盾、建立个体化治疗的概念、认识疾病的本质、建立疾病预防的观念、密切关注病情的发展变化,有利于正确的,临床决策。     

老年患者的外科治疗决策及围手术期处理

泌尿外科老年患者多,老年患者必然手术并发症多,手术死亡率高。虽然现在泌尿外科近70％的手术已进入了微创时代,手术时间大幅缩减,但是老年患者的临床决策仍常常是个非常纠结的问题,手术要达到什么目的？何时要做适当的放弃？除了充分的围手术期准备,医生要敢于承担,家属要充分理解和合作。     

不同预测率的不确定决策的ERP研究

该研究采用事件相关电位技术,对不同预测率的不确定决策的加工机制进行了研究。实验条件为四种不同预测率的不确定决策任务,控制条件为确定决策任务,对两种条件下的数据进行比较,结果发现：1）反应时,随着不确定性程度的增强而逐渐增长;2）正确率,被试决策的平均正确率基本上符合数字本身的可预测率。脑电结果发现：在200～300ms的时间窗口内,不确定和确定决策任务下的预测率都诱发了一个晚期的负成分（N2）,五种任务之间（随着不确定程度的降低）存在着一个梯度的变化,其中50％和62．5％之间不存在着显著差异,其它预测率之间都存在着显著差异。这些结果表明被试在不确定决策任务中会对不同预测率进行归类表征,并会对不同的不确定程度有不同的知觉。     

The limited effects of power on satisfaction with joint consumption decisions

We conduct three experiments in which participants in dyads choose between two restaurants, each of which is preferred by only one participant, and one participant has the power to decide which restaurant both will patronize. We find that the power to make a joint decision increases satisfaction with the choice only when those involved have a competitive decision orientation, a weak or anonymous relationship, and the outcome they choose is subsequently available. Participants who have a cooperative orientation are satisfied whether or not they have power and whether or not the resulting choice is consistent with their initial preferences.     

Young children's haptic exploratory procedures

Adults vary their haptic exploratory behavior reliably with variation both in the sensory input and in the task goals. Little is known about the development of these connections between perceptual goals and exploratory behaviors. A total of 36 children ages 3, 4, and 5 years and 20 adults completed a haptic intramodal match-to-sample task. Participants were instructed to feel the shape, texture, rigidity, or weight of a sample object and then were asked to find which of three test objects matched the sample on that specific property. Hand movements were examined to determine whether children produced the same exploratory procedures while gathering perceptual information about each property as adults who searched for the same kind of information. Children demonstrated that they had good haptic abilities in two ways: They matched the sample objects on the specified perceptual dimension at near ceiling levels, and they produced the same hand movement patterns to find the same properties as adults.