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21.
Two experiments investigated spontaneous class grouping behavior by human-enculturated and language-reared bonobos (Pan paniscus) and common chimpanzees (P. troglodytes). In experiment 1, three chimpanzees ranging in age from 6 to 18 years were presented with six objects. The objects embodied
three conditions: additive, multiplicative and disjoint classes. All chimpanzees spontaneously produced single- and two-category
classifying. In experiment 2, six chimpanzees ranging in age from 6 to 21 years were presented with 12 objects in the same
class conditions. Chimpanzees mainly produced single-category classifying. Their two-category classifying was more rudimentary
than that found in experiment 1. Chimpanzees did not produce any three-category classifying which would be necessary to construct
the hierarchies that humans begin to construct during early childhood.
Received: 1 February 1999 / Accepted after revision: 9 August 1999 相似文献
22.
Chimpanzee gaze following in an object-choice task 总被引:10,自引:10,他引:0
Many primate species reliably track and follow the visual gaze of conspecifics and humans, even to locations above and behind
the subject. However, it is not clear whether primates follow a human’s gaze to find hidden food under one of two containers
in an object-choice task. In a series of experiments six adult female chimpanzees followed a human’s gaze (head and eye direction)
to a distal location in space above and behind them, and checked back to the human’s face when they did not find anything
interesting or unusual. This study also assessed whether these same subjects would also use the human’s gaze in an object-choice
task with three types of occluders: barriers, tubes, and bowls. Barriers and tubes permitted the experimenter to see their
contents (i.e., food) whereas bowls did not. Chimpanzees used the human’s gaze direction to choose the tube or barrier containing
food but they did not use the human’s gaze to decide between bowls. Our findings allowed us to discard both simple orientation
and understanding seeing-knowing in others as the explanations for gaze following in chimpanzees. However, they did not allow
us to conclusively choose between orientation combined with foraging tendencies and understanding seeing in others. One interesting
possibility raised by these results is that studies in which the human cannot see the reward at the time of subject choice
may potentially be underestimating chimpanzees’ social knowledge.
Received: 16 February 1998 / Accepted after revision: 5 July 1998 相似文献
23.
Aisha C. Bründl Patrick J. Tkaczynski Grgoire Nohon Kohou Christophe Boesch Roman M. Wittig Catherine Crockford 《Developmental science》2021,24(1)
Postnatal development is protracted relative to lifespan in many primates, including modern humans (Homo sapiens), facilitating the acquisition of key motor, communication and social skills that can maximize fitness later in life. Nevertheless, it remains unclear what evolutionary drivers led to extended immature periods. While the developmental milestone literature is well established in humans, insight we can gain from one‐species models is limited. By comparing the timing of relatable developmental milestones in a closely related species, the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), we can gain further understanding of the evolution of such an extended developmental phase. To date, few studies have specifically attempted to estimate developmental milestones in a manner comparable to the human literature, and existing studies lack sufficient sample sizes to estimate which milestones are more plastic with higher inter‐individual variation in the timing of their emergence. Here, we describe the emergence of gross motor, fine motor, social interaction and communication traits from a longitudinal sample of 19 wild chimpanzee infants (8 females and 11 males), Taï National Park, Côte d’Ivoire. Gross motor traits emerged at a mean of 4 months, communication traits at 12 months, social interaction traits at 14 months and fine motor traits at 15 months, with later emerging milestones demonstrating greater inter‐individual variation in the timing of the emergence. This pattern of milestone emergence is broadly comparable to observations in humans, suggesting selection for a prolonged infantile phase and that sustained skills development has a deep evolutionary history, with implications for theories on primate brain development. 相似文献
24.
Abstract : Post‐Maoist China retains its loyalty to Marxist principles; yet voices are being heard that interpret religion much more positively. Both government spokespersons and Religious Studies scholars measure the value of religion according to its social function. Such a criterion of evaluation fails to take account of what is essential to Christian theology, namely, appeal to divine transcendence. Yet, Christian theology in the tradition of the Lutheran Reformation begins with transcendence and turns toward human responsibility for the world through loving the neighbor. This may mark a common cause between Chinese sociology of religion and Christian commitments to social well‐being. 相似文献
25.
Karen L. McGavock 《Philosophia》2007,35(2):129-143
Children’s literature was first published in the eighteenth century at a time when the philosophical ideas of Jean-Jacques
Rousseau on education and childhood were being discussed. Ironically, however, the first generation of children’s literature
(by Maria Edgeworth et al) was incongruous with Rousseau’s ideas since the works were didactic, constraining and demanded passive acceptance from their
readers. This instigated a deficit or reductionist model to represent childhood and children’s literature as simple and uncomplicated
and led to children’s literature being overlooked and its contribution to philosophical discussions being undermined. Although
Rousseau advocates freeing the child to develop, he does not feel that reading fiction promotes child development, which is
a weakness in an otherwise strong argument for educational reform. Yet, rather ironically, the second generation of children’s
writers, from Lewis Carroll onwards, more truly embraced Rousseau’s broader philosophical ideas on education and childhood
than their predecessors, encouraging and freeing readers to imagine, reflect and actively engage in ontological enquiry. The
emphasis had changed with the child being embraced in education and society as active participant rather than passive or disengaged
recipient. Works deemed to be seminal to the canon of children’s literature such as Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, Peter Pan and The Chronicles of Narnia challenge readers to work through conflicts many of which can be identified retrospectively as exhibiting postmodern characteristics.
By exploring moral and spiritual dilemmas in their writing, Carroll, Barrie and Lewis’s works can be regarded as contributing
to discussions on theodical postmodernism. The successes of The Lord of the Rings and Narnia films suggest that there is an interest in exploring moral dilemmas, fulfilling a need (perhaps for tolerance
and understanding) in society at large. Children’s literature has an almost divine power to restore, to repair and to heal,
all characteristics of theodical postmodernism but differing from the more widely held conception of postmodernism which pulls
apart, exacerbates and exposes. Children’s literature therefore offers a healthy and constructive approach to working through
moral dilemmas. In their deconstruction of childhood, these authors have brought children’s literature closer to aspects of
enquiry traditionally found in the domain of adult mainstream literature. As the boundaries between childhood and adulthood
become more fluid, less certain, debate is centring around whether the canon of children’s literature itself has become redundant
or meaningless since there are no longer any restrictions on which subjects can be treated in children’s literature. Despite
the fact that children’s literature clearly engages with difficult issues, it continues to be left out of the critical equation,
not given serious attention, disregarded as simplistic and ignored in contemporary philosophical discussions concerning morality,
postmodernism and the future of childhood. With children’s literature coming closer to mainstream literature, and exhibiting
prominent features of postmodernism, however, it is only a matter of time before philosophical discussions actively engage
with children’s literature and recognise its contribution to the resolution and reconciliation of ontological dilemmas. When
this occurs, philosophy and children’s literature will re-engage, enriching contemporary investigations of existence, ethics
and knowledge and fruitfully developing thought in these areas. This paper aims to contribute to this process.
相似文献
Karen L. McGavockEmail: |
26.
One adult female chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) was trained to respond serially to three arabic numerals between 1 and 9, presented on a cathode-ray-tube (CRT) screen.
To examine the factors affecting her sequential responding behavior, wild-card items were added to the three-item sequences.
When this wild-card item remained until the subject responded to the last numeral (i.e., the terminator condition), her response
to the terminator at each point of the sequence was controlled by the ordinal distance between numerals. Thus, the number
of responses to the terminator increased as the ordinal distance between numerals increased. When the wild-card item was eliminated
by the subject’s response (wild-card conditions), the probability of responses to the wild card before the first numeral increased
as a function of the serial position of the first numeral. These results were consistent with previous studies of response
time and suggest both serial position and symbolic distance effects. It is suggested that the subject might form the integrated
9-item linear representations by training of possible subsets of three-item sequences. Knowledge concerning the ordinal position
of each numeral was established through this training.
Received: 27 October 1999 / Accepted: 22 November 1999 相似文献
27.
Two chimpanzees used a joystick to collect dots, one at a time, on a computer monitor (see video-clip in the electronic supplementary
material), and then ended a trial when the number of dots collected was equal to the Arabic numeral presented for the trial.
Both chimpanzees performed substantially and reliably above chance in collecting a quantity of dots equal to the target numeral,
one chimpanzee for the numerals 1–7, and the second chimpanzee for the numerals 1–6. Errors that were made were seldom discrepant
from the target by more than one dot quantity, and the perceptual process subitization was ruled out as an explanation for
the performance. Additionally, analyses of trial duration data indicated that the chimpanzees were responding based on the
numerosity of the constructed set rather than on the basis of temporal cues. The chimpanzees' decreasing performance with
successively larger target numerals, however, appeared to be based on a continuous representation of magnitude rather than
a discrete representation of number. Therefore, chimpanzee counting in this type of experimental task may be a process that
represents magnitudes with scalar variability in that the memory for magnitudes associated with each numeral is imperfect
and the variability of responses increases as a function of the numeral's value.
Accepted after revision: 11 June 2001
Electronic Publication 相似文献
28.
Ivana Noble 《The Ecumenical review》2021,73(1):49-66
This article is a contribution to the ongoing debate about how the pan‐Orthodox vision of unity and the overall Christian vision of Christian unity are co‐related, following the Pan‐Orthodox Council in Crete in June 2016. The first section considers how modern Orthodox relations to ecumenism arose: in particular, how the vision of pan‐Orthodoxy and that of Christian unity were intertwined. The sections that follow concentrate on examples taken from Orthodox–Hussite relations. 相似文献
29.
Guidelines for Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) or research ethics committees exist at national and international levels.
These guidelines are based on ethical principles and establish an internationally acceptable standard for the review and conduct
of medical research. Having attained a multinational consensus about what these fundamental guidelines should be, IRBs are
left to interpret the guidelines and devise their own means of implementing them. Individual and community values bear on
the interpretation of the guidelines so different IRBs attain different levels of effectiveness. In the Caribbean and Pan
American regions there are few IRBs. Obstacles to the establishment and function of IRBs are exacerbated in developing regions
like these by differences in language, literacy, and local value systems; education, administrative expertise, facilities,
and access to information are also limited. A regional IRB network might facilitate more uniform ethical review in developing
countries, and simplify IRB procedures.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
30.
Isabel Apawo Phiri 《The Ecumenical review》2019,71(4):482-491
This article begins by arguing that diakonia is an imperative for the church, be it at the local, national, regional, or global level. It goes on to describe how diakonia has been part of the identity of the World Council of Churches during its 70 years of existence, and highlights the struggle of diakonia and development within the fellowship and ecumenical partners. The article focuses on the document Called to Transformative Action: Ecumenical Diakonia as the most recent attempt to reflect on who we are and what we do as church. It identifies one important aspect of diakonia as reflected in the Pan‐African Women's Ecumenical Empowerment Network perspective on theological education. The article concludes by reflecting on the author's vision for a just community of women and men in prophetic diakonia. 相似文献