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261.
Daniel Bruns John Mark Disorbio 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2009,16(2):127-147
There is a growing body of evidence that psychosocial variables have a significant ability to predict the outcome of medical
treatment procedures, especially when the procedure is performed to reduce pain. The study described in this paper serves
as an illustration of the valuable role psychologists can play in dealing with the challenges of biopsychosocial assessment
of patients who are candidates for medical treatments, especially elective, invasive procedures. Based on a convergent model
of risk factors that can potentially influence outcomes from spinal surgery and spinal cord stimulation, exclusionary and
cautionary risk factors were identified, and the BHI 2 and BBHI 2 tests were used to assess them. An estimate of the prevalence
of these risk factors was calculated using data obtained from 1,254 patient and community subjects gathered from 106 sites
in 36 US states. Standardized Cautionary Risk and Exclusionary Risk scores demonstrated a test-retest reliability of .85 to
.91. Evidence of validity of these scores was also provided based on subjective and objective criteria, using multiple groups
of patients and community subjects. Recommendations are made regarding how biopsychosocial assessments could be used in collaborative
settings for presurgical candidates to identify risks that could compromise a patient’s ability to benefit from other medical
treatments as well. Once identified, appropriate interventions could ameliorate these risks, or lead to the consideration
of other treatments that are more likely to be effective. Methods of refining this approach for specific clinical applications
are also discussed. 相似文献
262.
Treisman及其同事最早发现人类对时距的判断很容易受到重复刺激的影响而发生扭曲或偏离,并认为时距估计中的重复刺激具有两种效应。着重介绍了时距估计中重复刺激效应产生的机制及其理论模型、重复刺激效应的影响因素。提出了时距估计中重复刺激效应未来研究中值得关注的几个主要问题。 相似文献
263.
Functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound (fTCD) is a relatively new and non-invasive technique that assesses cerebral lateralisation through measurements of blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral arteries. In this study fTCD was used to compare functional asymmetry during a word generation task between a group of 30 dyslexic adults and a group of 30 non-dyslexic individuals. In light of previous evidence of atypical laterality in dyslexia, a reduced leftward asymmetry was predicted and confirmed. We know from previous research that most people with atypical language lateralisation have normal language and literacy skills: nevertheless, our results confirm that language laterality is reduced in those with dyslexia. Theoretical explanations for this apparent conundrum are discussed. 相似文献
264.
Daniel Schuepbach Mariëtte Huizinga Stefan Duschek Simone Grimm Heinz Boeker Daniel Hell 《Brain and cognition》2009
Set shifting provokes specific alterations of cerebral hemodynamics in basal cerebral arteries. However, no gender differences have been reported. In the following functional transcranial Doppler study, we introduced cerebral hemodynamic modulation to the aspects of set shifting during Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). Twenty-one subjects underwent the WCST during insonation of the middle cerebral arteries. We examined gender effects on task performance and cerebral hemodynamic modulation. Further, we investigated the linkage between performance and cerebral hemodynamic modulation. In females, maximum positive modulation was restricted to the behaviorally relevant time point of set shifting, and there were time-locked associations between mental slowing during set shifting and rapid cerebral hemodynamic modulation exclusively in females. This study provides evidence of gender-related cerebral hemodynamic modulation during set shifting, and we detected time-locked brain–behavior relationship during cognitive control in females. 相似文献
265.
In this review, we survey the state of the field of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) as it relates to drug discovery
and drug development. We highlight the advantages and limitations of fMRI for this purpose and suggest ways to improve the
use of fMRI for developing new therapeutics, with emphasis on treatments for anxiety disorders. Fundamentally, pharmacological
studies with standard psychiatric treatments using standardized behavioral probes during fMRI will need to be carried out
to determine characteristic brain signatures that could be used to predict whether novel compounds are likely to have specific
therapeutic effects. 相似文献
266.
267.
足月胎儿对声音刺激反应的探讨 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
通过观察声音刺激引起胎儿产生的胎动和胎心率反应,初步探讨声音刺激能否引起胎儿的感觉和相应的反射机制。选择正常足月孕妇94例,分别接受95、100、105、110、115分贝的声音刺激,观察胎儿的胎动和胎心率反应。95分贝声音能引起胎心率轻度下降且不引起胎动,而声强在100分贝以上的声音刺激能引起胎心率加速并伴有胎动,提示95分贝声音可以引起胎儿的定向反射,和胎儿的选择性的注意有关;而100~115分贝的声音能引起胎儿的防卫反应。婴儿与生俱来的无条件反射在胎儿期就已存在。 相似文献
268.
Cara Gibney Katrina J. Phillips Angela Arnold‐Saritepe Sarah Ann Taylor 《Behavioral Interventions》2020,35(1):114-130
Stereotypy is one of the core diagnostic features of autism spectrum disorder and warrants behavioral intervention when it negatively impacts the person's life. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of noncontingent matched stimulation (NCR‐M) compared with response interruption redirection (RIRD) on reducing levels of vocal stereotypy in the natural environment. Interventions were compared using an alternating treatments design followed by generalization and maintenance phases, which utilized lay people as instructors. Results showed that both RIRD and NCR‐M resulted in a reduction in vocal stereotypy for three out of four participants within an educational setting. An increase in appropriate vocalizations was found for two out of four participants for both interventions. These results suggest that both NCR‐M and RIRD were effective in reducing levels of vocal stereotypy, yet their effects on appropriate communication remain undetermined. Social validity scores were obtained following the study, which demonstrated that both interventions were met with approval across a variety of measures. 相似文献
269.
ObjectiveWhen we perform dual-tasks in daily life, task performance is generally reduced. As these reductions in performance (i.e., dual-task interference) are responsible for various accidents such as falls, the repeated practice of dual-task (i.e., dual-task training) is often implemented to reduce dual-task interference. However, the risk of various accidents increases with longer dual-task training, as dual-task interference cannot be avoided. Therefore, it is important to achieve training goals more rapidly during dual-task training. This study sought to determine whether a combination of dual-task training and cognitive tasks would accelerate training effects.DesignThe experimental design included four groups: 1) cognitive task training group, 2) dual-task training group, 3) cognitive task and dual-task training group, and 4) non training group.MethodWe assessed single- and dual-task performance before and after the 2-week training sessions. We adopted a dual-task involving knee extension and an auditory reaction, and used N-back task as a cognitive task. On the other hand, dual-task training was the same method to assess dual-task performance.ResultDual-task interference was reduced in all groups in both the tasks. However, the number of participants in the cognitive task and dual-task training group who achieved a reduction in dual-task cost was significantly higher than those in other groups.ConclusionThese findings could contribute to the development of an effective method for reducing dual-task interference and resolving issues caused by dual-task interference in daily life. 相似文献
270.