Sexual assault on college campuses: Is an ounce of prevention enough?

This article provides a construct-by-construct review of the effectiveness of sexual asault prevention programs in modifying sexual assault-related attitudes, cognitions, emotions, and behaviors. This article also discusses variables that may moderate program effectiveness, variables that may mediate program effectiveness, methodological issues, programs for special populations, and iatrogenic effects. In general, sexual assault prevention programs have been shown to be effective in producing short-term reductions in rape-supportive attitudes. There is insufficient evidence, however, to conclude that such programs are effective in reducing the incidence of sexual assault.     

不同SOA条件下的情感启动效应研究

在150ms和250ms两种SOA条件下,以彩色图片为启动刺激,以汉语双字词为目标刺激,通过评价分类任务考察情感启动效应。结果表明在两种SOA条件下均存在显著的情感启动效应;积极启动和消极启动对目标词产生了不同的影响。类似Stroop效应的反应冲突机制可解释本研究所获得的结果。     

福至心灵：幸运感知对消费行为的影响及其理论解释

寻求幸运的行为从古至今广泛存在于人类生活的方方面面,幸运感知如何影响消费行为的理论成果为消费研究领域做出了重要贡献。通过系统回顾相关文献发现,个体的幸运感知会对冒险行为、独特性寻求、传染效应、特定事物的态度和幸运消费产生影响。归因理论、人格特质理论、认知启动理论、反事实思维、社会比较理论、控制感理论和启发式决策可以用于解释幸运感知对消费行为的影响。未来研究应深化幸运感知影响消费行为的作用机制并拓展边界条件及其双向结果。     

Predicting Self‐Confident Behaviour with Implicit and Explicit Self‐Esteem Measures

The present research compared the validity of popular direct and indirect measures of self‐esteem in predicting self‐confident behaviour in different social situations. In line with behavioural dual‐process models, both implicit and explicit self‐esteem were hypothesized to be related to appearing self‐confident to unacquainted others. A total of 127 participants responded to the Rosenberg Self‐Esteem Scale, the Multidimensional Self‐Esteem Scale, and an adjective scale for measuring explicit self‐esteem (ESE). Participants' implicit self‐esteem (ISE) was assessed with four indirect measures: the Implicit Association Test (IAT), the name‐letter task (NLT), and two variants of an affective priming task, the reaction‐time affective priming task (RT‐APT) and the error‐based affective priming task (EB‐APT). Self‐confident behaviour was observed in four different social situations: (i) self‐introduction to a group; (ii) an ostracism experience; (iii) an interview about the ostracism experience; and (iv) an interview about one's personal life. In general, appearing self‐confident to unknown others was independently predicted by ESE and ISE. The indirect measures of self‐esteem were, as expected, not correlated, and only the self‐esteem APTs—but not the self‐esteem IAT or the NLT—predicted self‐confident behaviours. It is important to note that in particular the predictive power of the self‐esteem EB‐APT pertained to all four criteria and was incremental to the ESE measures. Copyright © 2016 European Association of Personality Psychology     

未来取向应对的双阶段序列模型及其时间透视机制

最近的研究表明, 未来取向应对对于应激管理起着不可忽视的重要作用。但预先应对和预防应对的关系及其作用机制, 一直是困扰应对研究者的重要问题。我们的前期工作显示, 序列模型比平行模型能更好地表征预先应对和预防应对的内在关系, 时间透视比威胁知觉更能解释预防应对的前因。本项目首次以时间知觉和内隐态度为切入点, 探索未来取向应对机制的理论模型。研究内容拟包括：(1)以大学生就业为情境, 构建未来取向应对的双阶段序列模型; (2)以大学生入学适应为情境, 用内隐认知充实和验证未来取向应对的序列模型; (3)用时间折扣模型的任务范式, 探讨未来取向应对不同阶段的时间透视机制：(4)用威胁性和中性的阈下面孔作情绪启动, 验证未来取向应对不同阶段的时间透视机制。本研究为发掘预先应对和预防应对的关系及其内在机制, 及基于未来取向应对的干预在心理健康和教育领域的应用奠定了基础。     

Foveal-to-peripheral priming in letter identification reflects response bias, not enhanced visibility

Several studies have suggested that it might be easier to identify a letter when its replication is simultaneously presented in the visual display. We have measured identification accuracy for a memorized target letter that was shown in the peripheral field in two conditions in which a letter either identical or different in shape was flashed simultaneously at fixation. The results of three forced-choice experiments showed that, contrary to Geiger and Lettvin's (1986) previous findings, an identity prime did not improve the visibility of a temporally backward masked target letter. However, the foveal prime letter could apparently bias the subject's decision so that he/she was much more ready to report the more visible prime letter as the peripheral target.     

The Effect of Non-conscious Perception of Frequent Stimuli on Credibility Judgement

The aim of the work presented here is to investigate the effects of mere-exposure to familiar and unfamiliar stimuli (as primes) on credibility judgement about sentences unrelated to the primes. These target sentences are presented just after the prime. In all, 124 students participated in 3 priming experiments. The nature of the primes (both infraliminary and supraliminary) is different in each experiment: we used public vs. unknown faces, exposed vs. unexposed faces, and objects vs. nonobjects. Primes were presented for 50msec or 400msec. After the presentation of each prime, subjects had to judge the credibility of an assertion; its ambiguity has previously been tested with 100 subjects. The results show that assertions which follow familiar primes (public faces, exposed faces, or objects) are granted more credibility that those which follow unfamiliar primes (unknown faces or nonobjects). This effect is observed especially when presentation time is 50msec.     

再认的两种机制及其与启动效应的关系

通过两个实验对两种再认所涉及的心理机制及其与启动效应的关系进行探讨。实验一用高频字和低频字作实验材料,分别测量集中注意和分散注意条件下,两种再认的成绩。结果表明：学习阶段的注意分散使以提取为基础的再认成绩下降,对以熟悉性为基础的再认成绩没有影响。低频字以熟悉性为基础的再认优于高频字,但字频对以提取为基础的再认没有影响。实验二分别测量两种再认项目的补笔正确率。结果表明：以熟悉性为基础的再认的补笔正确率显著高于以提取为基础的再认的补笔正确率。据此可以推论：两种再认可能有不同的心理机制。以提取为基础的再认属于有意识记忆的范畴,以熟悉性为基础的再认属于无意识记忆的范畴。后者和启动效应的心理基础可能是共同的。     

字符的知觉表征及其启动

实验以英文单词,汉字和图片为材料,采用速示补笔测验测量了大脑左右半球的启动效应。结果是,如果学习与测验的字体和大小不变,则视觉启动右半球高于左半球。其他材料不产生这种效应。这表明,至少有一个分离的系统对构成启动的汉字的视觉表征进行编码,此系统在右半球表征形状特异形状特异信息更有效;对字符抽象特征的表征,两半球无显著差异,速示补笔测量的是前语义水平的知觉表征,是一种知觉（数据驱动）内隐记忆测验。     

选择性注意中意识与无意识过程分离的实验研究

以汉语单字词为材料,通过颜色来区分目标和分心物,采用过程分离程序,直接探讨了目标激活与分心物抑制和意识、无意识过程之间的关系。结果表明,（１）靶词充当分心物时,不仅意识过程存在的概率降低,无意识过程存在的概率也降低。这一结果说明,在选择性注意任务中,信息是有关还是无关,并不能分离意识和无意识过程;（２）靶词充当目标时,加工水平影响Ｐｃ,但不影响Ｐｕ,而靶词充当分心物时,加工水平既不影响Ｐｃ,也不影响Ｐｕ。因此,加工水平能否分离意识和无意识过程,依赖于靶词的作用或信息是否有关