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141.
In two studies, we document “failure to warn”—a reduced likelihood of warning Black students against potential academic difficulty compared to White students. In both studies, participants placed in the role of academic advisors saw a highly challenging academic course plan, attributed to either a Black or a White student, and gave Black students less warning about the potential negative consequences of taking on the proposed plan. Study 1 (N = 172) demonstrates this effect using undergraduate peer academic advisors, and Study 2 (N = 58) provides evidence that this effect is moderated by Internal Motivation to Respond Without Prejudice (Plant & Devine, 1998), suggesting that this effect is driven by the fear that discouraging an ambitious Black student might reflect prejudice. This well-intentioned concern can have the ironic consequence of leading the recipients of this advice into academic difficulties. 相似文献
142.
The movement toward evidence-based treatments, interventions, or practices pressures single case research (SCR) to use statistical summaries which have broad credibility. These summaries also need to be easily understood and useful in schools and clinics. To date the effect size families, “proportion of variance” (R2, Eta2) and “standardized mean difference” (Cohen's d, Hedges' g) have little popularity in SCR. This paper demonstrates a set of alternative Clinical Outcome indices widely used in the field of medicine: Risk Difference, Relative Risk, Relative Risk Improvement, and Odds Ratio, which compare patients in treatment versus control conditions. Translated to SCR designs, the baseline phase becomes the control condition, the intervention phase becomes the treatment condition, and improvement is defined as non-overlapping data between phases. The positive attributes of Clinical Outcomes are demonstrated: (a) easily interpretable results, (b) close relationship with concept of non-overlapping data, (c) minimal data assumptions, (d) minimal statistical expertise required, (e) multiple contrasts possible for diagnostic understanding, (f) exact confidence intervals for results, and (g) close relationship to Pearson R effect size family. 相似文献
143.
David M. Clark Richard Layard David A. Richards Benjamin Wright 《Behaviour research and therapy》2009,47(11):910-920
Recently the UK Government announced an unprecedented, large-scale initiative for Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) for depression and anxiety disorders. Prior to this development, the Department of Health established two pilot projects that aimed to collect valuable information to inform the national roll-out. Doncaster and Newham received additional funds to rapidly increase the availability of CBT-related interventions and to deploy them in new clinical services, operating on stepped-care principles, when appropriate. This article reports an evaluation of the new services (termed ‘demonstration sites’) during their first thirteen months of operation. A session-by-session outcome monitoring system achieved unusually high levels of pre to post-treatment data completeness. Large numbers of patients were treated, with low-intensity interventions (such as guided self-help) being particularly helpful for achieving high throughput. Clinical outcomes were broadly in line with expectation. 55-56% of patients who had attended at least twice (including the assessment interview) were classified as recovered when they left the services and 5% had improved their employment status. Treatment gains were largely maintained at 10 month follow-up. Opening the services to self-referral appeared to facilitate access for some groups that tend to be underrepresented in general practice referrals. Outcomes were comparable for the different ethnic groups who access the services. Issues for the further development of IAPT are discussed. 相似文献
144.
Background
Reducing symptoms of depression is an important target in the treatment of borderline personality disorder (BPD). Although current treatments for BPD are effective in reducing depression, the average post-treatment level of depression remains high.Aim
To test whether experiential avoidance (EA) impedes the reduction of depression during treatment for BPD.Method
EA and depression were assessed in 81 clients at baseline and 4-month intervals during 1 year of therapy. Simple correlations, hierarchical linear modeling, and latent difference score models were used to investigate the association between self-reports of EA and both self-reports and observer-based ratings of depression.Results
EA was positively associated with greater severity of depression at all points of assessment, and changes in EA were positively associated with changes in depression. Moreover, EA significantly predicted less subsequent reduction in depression whereas no such effect was found for depression on subsequent EA.Conclusion
The findings are consistent with the hypothesis that EA impedes the reduction of depression in the treatment of BPD and should thus be considered an important treatment target. 相似文献145.
Kurt D. Michael R. Michael Furr Kevin S. Masters Brent R. Collett Glen I. Spielmans Kathrin Ritter Marietta A. Veeder Katherine Treiber Jodi L. Cullum 《Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy》2009,39(3):157-163
In the present study, potential MMPI-2 predictors of psychotherapy outcome were examined in a community clinical sample of
51 patients seeking treatment at a university training clinic. Results indicated that particular MMPI-2 scales (L, F, Pd,
Pa, Sc, Trt) were the most predictive of initial levels of patient distress, whereas three other clinical scales (Hs, D, Hy)
were significantly associated with actual symptom reduction over time. The clinical implications of these data include the
use of the MMPI-2 in clinical practice as a means to frame the provision of direct feedback to patients regarding the likelihood
of treatment response, which in turn, might actually have therapeutic benefits. The limitations of the study are reviewed
and suggestions for future research are offered, including the potential use of widely known and utilized instruments in helping
to predict response to psychotherapy. 相似文献
146.
William G. Rantz Alyce M. Dickinson Gilbert A. Sinclair Ron Van Houten 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2009,42(3):497-509
This study examined whether pilots completed airplane checklists more accurately when they receive postflight graphic and verbal feedback. Participants were 8 college students who are pilots with an instrument rating. The task consisted of flying a designated flight pattern using a personal computer aviation training device (PCATD). The dependent variables were the number of checklist items completed correctly. A multiple baseline design across pairs of participants with withdrawal of treatment was employed in this study. During baseline, participants were given postflight technical feedback. During intervention, participants were given postflight graphic feedback on checklist use and praise for improvements along with technical feedback. The intervention produced near perfect checklist performance, which was maintained following a return to the baseline conditions. 相似文献
147.
David W Munro Jennifer Stephenson Henry Roane 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2009,42(4):795-800
The use of response cards during whole‐class English vocabulary instruction was evaluated. Five low‐participating students were observed during hand‐raising conditions and response‐card conditions to observe the effects of response cards on student responding and test scores and teacher questions and feedback. Responding and test scores were higher for all targeted students in the response‐card condition. The teacher asked a similar number of questions in both conditions; however, she provided more feedback in the response‐card condition. 相似文献
148.
David J. Kolko Lorah D. Dorn Oscar G. Bukstein Dustin Pardini Elizabeth A. Holden Jonathan Hart 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2009,37(5):591-609
This study examines the treatment outcomes of 139, 6–11 year-old, clinically referred boys and girls diagnosed with Oppositional
Defiant Disorder (ODD) or Conduct Disorder (CD) who were randomly assigned to a modular-based treatment protocol that was
applied by research study clinicians either in the community (COMM) or a clinic office (CLINIC). To examine normative comparisons,
a matched sample of 69 healthy control children was included. Multiple informants completed diagnostic interviews and self-reports
at six assessment timepoints (pretreatment to 3-year follow-up) to evaluate changes in the child’s behavioral and emotional
problems, psychopathic features, functional impairment, diagnostic status, and service involvement. Using HLM and logistic
regression models, COMM and CLINIC showed significant and comparable improvements on all outcomes. By 3-year follow-up, 36%
of COMM and 47% of CLINIC patients no longer met criteria for either ODD or CD, and 48% and 57% of the children in these two
respective conditions had levels of parent-rated externalizing behavior problems in the normal range. We discuss the nature
and implications of these novel findings regarding the role of treatment context or setting for the treatment and long-term
outcome of behavior disorders.
This study was supported by grants to the first author from the National Institute of Mental Health (MH 57727) and to the
second author by the National Institute of Nursing Research (NR 07615). The fourth author was supported by grant K01 MH078039
from the National Institute of Mental Health. The authors acknowledge the research and clinical staff of the Resources to
Enhance the Adjustment of Children (REACH) program, and Drs. David Brent, Tammy Chung, William Gardner, John Lochman, and Wayne Osgood. Reprints may be obtained from
Dr. Kolko, WPIC, 3811 O’Hara St., Pittsburgh, PA 15213. 相似文献
149.
Goal-setting and mental effort investment may be influenced by the perception of success or failure. The aim of the current
study was to investigate the dynamics of motivational intensity model using false performance feedback. Forty participants
performed a demanding cognitive task over five successive (5 min) blocks. Participants received performance feedback of either
progressive success or progressive failure. A number of psychophysiological variables were used to index mental effort investment
and emotion, including: HRV components, blood pressure, skin conductance level, EEG, and facial EMG. Subjective estimates
of mood, workload and motivation were also collected alongside performance measures. The success group experienced positive
affect and a less pronounced decline in subjective motivation in response to a perception of successful achievement. In contrast,
feedback of failure led to adverse changes in mood/motivation, but did not lead to the absolute withdrawal of effort, although
trends in the psychophysiological data suggest that participants in the failure group were on the verge of abandoning the
task. The implications of these findings are discussed within the context of goal-setting and effort regulation models. 相似文献
150.
Michaël Huet Cyril Camachon Laure Fernandez David M. Jacobs Gilles Montagne 《Human movement science》2009,28(4):450-467
The present study investigates the effects of different types of concurrent feedback on the acquisition of perceptual-motor skills. Twenty participants walked through virtual corridors in which rhythmically opening and closing sliding doors were placed. The participants aimed to adjust their walking speed so as to cross the doors when the doors were close to their maximal aperture width. The highest level of performance was achieved by learners who practiced the task with unambiguous self-controlled concurrent feedback, which is to say, by learners who could request that feedback at wish. Practice with imposed rather than self-controlled feedback and practice without concurrent feedback were shown to be less effective. Finally, the way in which the self-controlled concurrent feedback was presented was also found to be of paramount importance; if the feedback is ambiguous, it may even prevent participants from learning the task. Clearly, unambiguous self-controlled feedback can give rise to higher levels of performance than other feedback conditions (compared to imposed schedule) but, depending on the way it is presented, the feedback can also prevent the participants from learning the task.In the discussion it is argued that unambiguous self-controlled concurrent feedback allows learners to more rapidly educate their attention towards more useful perceptual invariants and to calibrate the relation between perceptual invariants and action parameters. 相似文献