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31.
Bart de Langhe Stijn M.J. van Osselaer Berend Wierenga 《Organizational behavior and human decision processes》2011
This article challenges the view that it is always better to hold decision makers accountable for their decision process rather than their decision outcomes. In three multiple-cue judgment studies, the authors show that process accountability, relative to outcome accountability, consistently improves judgment quality in relatively simple elemental tasks. However, this performance advantage of process accountability does not generalize to more complex configural tasks. This is because process accountability improves an analytical process based on cue abstraction, while it does not change a holistic process based on exemplar memory. Cue abstraction is only effective in elemental tasks (in which outcomes are a linear additive combination of cues) but not in configural tasks (in which outcomes depend on interactions between the cues). In addition, Studies 2 and 3 show that the extent to which process and outcome accountability affect judgment quality depends on individual differences in analytical intelligence and rational thinking style. 相似文献
32.
Sidika N. Colakoglu 《Journal of Vocational Behavior》2011,(1):47-59
Based on the theoretical frameworks of the career enactment and the stress perspectives, this study develops and tests a model in which career boundarylessness affects subjective career success through its effect on three career competencies—knowing-why, knowing-how, and knowing-whom—and career autonomy and career insecurity. The results provided empirical support for the importance of career autonomy, career insecurity, and the development of knowing-why and knowing-how competencies in the successful pursuit of a boundaryless career. The implications of these findings are discussed. 相似文献
33.
This study set out to examine children’s notions of the malleability of their academic competencies and the relations of these
notions to the child’s grade-level and gender and the parent’s educational level. In interviews of a total of 103 boys and
girls of the third and the sixth grade, children of academically and vocationally educated parents were asked to rate their
potential for improving their competencies in mathematics and Finnish. The children were asked to use intrapersonal and normative
criteria in their ratings. The ratings were found to form distinct domains of the notions of malleability, as they did not
correlate with each other. The children’s ratings of their current competencies, i.e. their academic self-concepts, turned
out to be related to their normative ratings of the malleability of their competencies. The findings further suggested that
the children’s notions of the malleability of their academic competencies became more pessimistic in the course of their school
years.
相似文献
Kati KasanenEmail: |
34.
The learning experiences questionnaire (LEQ; Schaub & Tokar, 2005) was used to examine learning experiences as they relate to SCCT (Lent, Brown, & Hackett, 1994) across the Holland (1997) RIASEC typology. In particular, differences in men’s and women’s career related learning experiences were examined. A sample of 319 undergraduates at a public Midwestern university completed an online survey. Gender differences were observed in reported levels of some learning experiences; similar to prior findings for self-efficacy and interests, women reported more learning experiences in the Social domain, and men reported more experiences in the Realistic and Investigative domains. Results also supported that more reported learning experiences in a given domain relate to higher self-efficacy and outcome expectations in that domain. 相似文献
35.
The movement toward evidence-based treatments, interventions, or practices pressures single case research (SCR) to use statistical summaries which have broad credibility. These summaries also need to be easily understood and useful in schools and clinics. To date the effect size families, “proportion of variance” (R2, Eta2) and “standardized mean difference” (Cohen's d, Hedges' g) have little popularity in SCR. This paper demonstrates a set of alternative Clinical Outcome indices widely used in the field of medicine: Risk Difference, Relative Risk, Relative Risk Improvement, and Odds Ratio, which compare patients in treatment versus control conditions. Translated to SCR designs, the baseline phase becomes the control condition, the intervention phase becomes the treatment condition, and improvement is defined as non-overlapping data between phases. The positive attributes of Clinical Outcomes are demonstrated: (a) easily interpretable results, (b) close relationship with concept of non-overlapping data, (c) minimal data assumptions, (d) minimal statistical expertise required, (e) multiple contrasts possible for diagnostic understanding, (f) exact confidence intervals for results, and (g) close relationship to Pearson R effect size family. 相似文献
36.
David M. Clark Richard Layard David A. Richards Benjamin Wright 《Behaviour research and therapy》2009,47(11):910-920
Recently the UK Government announced an unprecedented, large-scale initiative for Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) for depression and anxiety disorders. Prior to this development, the Department of Health established two pilot projects that aimed to collect valuable information to inform the national roll-out. Doncaster and Newham received additional funds to rapidly increase the availability of CBT-related interventions and to deploy them in new clinical services, operating on stepped-care principles, when appropriate. This article reports an evaluation of the new services (termed ‘demonstration sites’) during their first thirteen months of operation. A session-by-session outcome monitoring system achieved unusually high levels of pre to post-treatment data completeness. Large numbers of patients were treated, with low-intensity interventions (such as guided self-help) being particularly helpful for achieving high throughput. Clinical outcomes were broadly in line with expectation. 55-56% of patients who had attended at least twice (including the assessment interview) were classified as recovered when they left the services and 5% had improved their employment status. Treatment gains were largely maintained at 10 month follow-up. Opening the services to self-referral appeared to facilitate access for some groups that tend to be underrepresented in general practice referrals. Outcomes were comparable for the different ethnic groups who access the services. Issues for the further development of IAPT are discussed. 相似文献
37.
Background
Reducing symptoms of depression is an important target in the treatment of borderline personality disorder (BPD). Although current treatments for BPD are effective in reducing depression, the average post-treatment level of depression remains high.Aim
To test whether experiential avoidance (EA) impedes the reduction of depression during treatment for BPD.Method
EA and depression were assessed in 81 clients at baseline and 4-month intervals during 1 year of therapy. Simple correlations, hierarchical linear modeling, and latent difference score models were used to investigate the association between self-reports of EA and both self-reports and observer-based ratings of depression.Results
EA was positively associated with greater severity of depression at all points of assessment, and changes in EA were positively associated with changes in depression. Moreover, EA significantly predicted less subsequent reduction in depression whereas no such effect was found for depression on subsequent EA.Conclusion
The findings are consistent with the hypothesis that EA impedes the reduction of depression in the treatment of BPD and should thus be considered an important treatment target. 相似文献38.
Kurt D. Michael R. Michael Furr Kevin S. Masters Brent R. Collett Glen I. Spielmans Kathrin Ritter Marietta A. Veeder Katherine Treiber Jodi L. Cullum 《Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy》2009,39(3):157-163
In the present study, potential MMPI-2 predictors of psychotherapy outcome were examined in a community clinical sample of
51 patients seeking treatment at a university training clinic. Results indicated that particular MMPI-2 scales (L, F, Pd,
Pa, Sc, Trt) were the most predictive of initial levels of patient distress, whereas three other clinical scales (Hs, D, Hy)
were significantly associated with actual symptom reduction over time. The clinical implications of these data include the
use of the MMPI-2 in clinical practice as a means to frame the provision of direct feedback to patients regarding the likelihood
of treatment response, which in turn, might actually have therapeutic benefits. The limitations of the study are reviewed
and suggestions for future research are offered, including the potential use of widely known and utilized instruments in helping
to predict response to psychotherapy. 相似文献
39.
David J. Kolko Lorah D. Dorn Oscar G. Bukstein Dustin Pardini Elizabeth A. Holden Jonathan Hart 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2009,37(5):591-609
This study examines the treatment outcomes of 139, 6–11 year-old, clinically referred boys and girls diagnosed with Oppositional
Defiant Disorder (ODD) or Conduct Disorder (CD) who were randomly assigned to a modular-based treatment protocol that was
applied by research study clinicians either in the community (COMM) or a clinic office (CLINIC). To examine normative comparisons,
a matched sample of 69 healthy control children was included. Multiple informants completed diagnostic interviews and self-reports
at six assessment timepoints (pretreatment to 3-year follow-up) to evaluate changes in the child’s behavioral and emotional
problems, psychopathic features, functional impairment, diagnostic status, and service involvement. Using HLM and logistic
regression models, COMM and CLINIC showed significant and comparable improvements on all outcomes. By 3-year follow-up, 36%
of COMM and 47% of CLINIC patients no longer met criteria for either ODD or CD, and 48% and 57% of the children in these two
respective conditions had levels of parent-rated externalizing behavior problems in the normal range. We discuss the nature
and implications of these novel findings regarding the role of treatment context or setting for the treatment and long-term
outcome of behavior disorders.
This study was supported by grants to the first author from the National Institute of Mental Health (MH 57727) and to the
second author by the National Institute of Nursing Research (NR 07615). The fourth author was supported by grant K01 MH078039
from the National Institute of Mental Health. The authors acknowledge the research and clinical staff of the Resources to
Enhance the Adjustment of Children (REACH) program, and Drs. David Brent, Tammy Chung, William Gardner, John Lochman, and Wayne Osgood. Reprints may be obtained from
Dr. Kolko, WPIC, 3811 O’Hara St., Pittsburgh, PA 15213. 相似文献
40.
Participants struck 500 golf balls to a concealed target. Outcome feedback was presented at the subjective or objective threshold of awareness of each participant or at a supraliminal threshold. Participants who received fully perceptible (supraliminal) feedback learned to strike the ball onto the target, as did participants who received feedback that was only marginally perceptible (subjective threshold). Participants who received feedback that was not perceptible (objective threshold) showed no learning. Upon transfer to a condition in which the target was unconcealed, performance increased in both the subjective and the objective threshold condition, but decreased in the supraliminal condition. In all three conditions, participants reported minimal declarative knowledge of their movements, suggesting that deliberate hypothesis testing about how best to move in order to perform the motor task successfully was disrupted by the impoverished disposition of the visual outcome feedback. It was concluded that sub-optimally perceptible visual feedback evokes implicit processes. 相似文献