Exploring the Interactive Effect of Time Control and Justice Perception on Job Attitudes

ABSTRACT

We investigated the associations between supervisor-related time control and two-job attitudes, and the moderating effects of distributive justice on these associations. A total of 505 full-time employees in Hong Kong responded to a structured telephone survey. The results showed that time control and perceived distributive justice were positively related to both job satisfaction and organizational commitment. More importantly, the positive relationships between time control and the two job attitudes were stronger when perceived distributive justice was high rather than low. These findings contrast with the typical buffering effects of organizational justice, in which perceived justice attenuates the beneficial effects of positive stimuli. Theoretical and applied implications of these findings are discussed.     

手的拦截运动的速度伴随效应及影响因素

对手的拦截运动的理论假设、速度伴随效应及其影响因素进行了总结和分析。指出:(1)“速度伴随效应”的机制可能在于补偿反应延迟、维持必需的注视时间、对即时运动信息的利用或时间-准确性权衡;(2)手的拦截运动指标受目标运动方向、先前任务、练习、目标大小、运动表征和策略以及双眼线索等因素的影响;(3)对拦截运动的进一步研究可在统一理论解释的基础上进行,克服研究方法和范围的局限。     

法律心理学研究的新热点--儿童目击证人研究

为满足获取儿童目击证人准确证词的司法需求,大量西方法律心理学家涉足这一领域,使儿童目击证人研究成为近十多年来法律心理学研究的新热点。鉴于我国法律还没有对儿童作为目击证人作明文规定,西方心理学家的研究成果值得我国法律心理学界关注。     

5～9岁儿童极限概念认知发展的实验研究

皮亚杰(1985)认为儿童非要到11或12岁时才能掌握极限的概念。这个观点十分让人感兴趣,然而在众多文献中却很难发现相关研究。本研究运用实验法研究了5、6、7、9四组儿童的极限概念。结果表明:儿童在极限概念的发展存在两个快速期,即5~6岁和6~7岁;5岁儿童处于极限概念萌芽状态,6岁儿童有了部分极限概念,7岁儿童极限概念有了进一步发展但不稳定;9岁儿童开始接近有了极限概念,但仍未到达完全理解。本研究结果支持了皮亚杰的相关观点。     

Developmental changes in inspection time: what a difference a year makes

This paper provides a partial replication and extension of a classic longitudinal study by Nettelbeck and Wilson [J. Exp. Child Psychol. 40 (1985) 1] that compared the relative influence of maturation and task experience on developmental changes in inspection time (IT). In the study reported in this paper 226 children aged between 6 and 9 were tested on an IT task in Year 1 and immediately retested to assess the importance of task familiarity. They were also retested 1 year and 2 years later. Counter to Nettelbeck and Wilson's conclusion, analyses of these data comparing the relative difference made by age maturation and by task experience revealed that task experience has a much bigger effect on children's IT than maturation. The implications of this for wider theoretical interpretations of the relationship between IT and development are discussed.     

Homotopy and heterotopy and the bilateral field advantage in the Dimond paradigm

Pairs of homotopic and heterotopic visual bilateral stimuli and pairs of unilateral visual stimuli were presented to 12 normal right-handed university students requiring a key press if they were of the same form. As predicted from the known histology of the corpus callosum (massive preponderance of homotopic fibers), homotopic presentations yielded significantly faster reaction times than heterotopic stimulations. Bilateral pairs of stimuli were also advantaged in comparison with unilateral trials, replicating Sereno and Kosslyn [Sereno, A. B., & Kosslyn, S. M. (1991). Discrimination within and between hemifields: a new constraint on theories of attention. Neuropsychologia, 29, 659-675]. Moreover, certain attentional processes have never been investigated in the Dimond paradigm and this study provides evidence to the effect that discriminative reaction times to stimulus pairs are strongly influenced by their proximity to the fixation point. In similar previous experiments, the homotopy/heterotopy observation and the bilateral field advantage may have been distorted by that particular confound, as well as several others.     

Arrows of time in infancy: the representation of temporal-causal invariances

Many transformations that take place over time can only occur in one temporal direction, and adults are highly sensitive to the differences between forward and backward presentations of such events. In seven experiments using two selective-looking paradigms, 4- and 8-month-olds were shown forward and backward videotapes of events involving the effects of gravity on liquids and solid objects and of the separation of whole objects into pieces. Four-month-olds showed a significant preference for the forward version of liquid pouring from a beaker to a glass. Eight-month-olds looked longer at the forward versions of this and four other gravity-related events but showed no directional preferences for the separation events. Several experiments indicate that longer looking at the forward versions of the gravity stimuli is not a product of attraction to specific perceptual features of the stimuli. A model based on the development of representations of types of events is presented and evaluated.     

Flextime Commuters and Their Driver Stress, Feelings of Time Urgency, and Commute Satisfaction

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a flextime-working environment on driver stress, feelings of time urgency, and commute satisfaction for commuters in a large-city environment. It was hypothesized that, regardless of gender, commuters with flextime would have less driver stress, fewer feelings of time urgency, and more commute satisfaction. The study was conducted using one hundred and twenty-five full-time employed commuters from Atlanta, Georgia, the city with the largest average commute distance in the world. Results showed that the commuters with flextime reported less driver stress and fewer feelings of time urgency than those without flextime. Significant differences were not found for commute satisfaction. Gender did not appear to be a significant factor in determining driver stress, time urgency, or commute satisfaction.     

Levels of aggregation: Relative time allocation in concurrent-schedule performance

The proportion of time allocated to one component of a concurrent variable-interval variable-interval schedule was computed for groups of interchangeover times (aggregates) within several intact time series. Variability in obtained proportions decreased as the number of interchangeover times within each aggregate increased; however, modal proportions failed to correspond to overall relative time allocation computed over the course of an entire experimental session, even at the largest aggregate size. The aggregated time series showed periodicities at small aggregate sizes and general trends in local preference at larger aggregate sizes. It is suggested that overall relative time allocation represents a molar extreme in the aggregation of behavior that may not accurately reflect central tendency in the allocation of time to available alternatives within the context of ongoing behavior.     

Personality and mental time travel: a differential approach to autonoetic consciousness

Recent research on autonoetic consciousness indicates that the ability to remember the past and the ability to project oneself into the future are closely related. The purpose of the present study was to confirm this proposition by examining whether the relationship observed between personality and episodic memory could be extended to episodic future thinking and, more generally, to investigate the influence of personality traits on self-information processing in the past and in the future. Results show that Neuroticism and Harm Avoidance predict more negative past memories and future projections. Other personality dimensions exhibit a more limited influence on mental time travel (MTT). Therefore, our study provide an additional evidence to the idea that MTT into the past and into the future rely on a common set of processes by which past experiences are used to envision the future.