愤怒的聚光灯效应对个体新闻阅读的归因影响

最初情绪的聚光灯理论仅从效价角度出发,解释了情绪通过影响注意范围,干涉个体归因,没有针对其它情绪（譬如愤怒）做进一步验证。本研究通过2（情绪）×2（因素显著性）×2（性别）的被试间实验设计,进一步揭示了愤怒的聚光灯效应对个体新闻类信息归因的影响方式。共有243名在校学生参加实验,其中男生99名,年龄在19~25岁之间。本研究将原有的锚式（anchor）归因计分改为对显著和非显著信息独立计分。结果发现：愤怒对个体归因的影响结果与负性情绪的聚光灯效应相一致,并且具有双向性。一方面增加了对显著因素的归因倾向,一方面抑制对非显著的归因素因倾向,且不存在性别差异。另外,本研究发现新闻中某一信息的显著程度亦会造成归因偏差。本研究为聚光灯理论提供了新的实验支持,并就愤怒效价上的模糊性做了进一步的解释和讨论。     

分类活动对归纳推理多样性效应的影响

归纳推理多样性效应被证实为普遍存在的,然而研究者Heit和Medin却对多样性效应的普遍性存在分歧。本文通过三个实验针对两位学者的分歧展开研究。结果发现:1.两位学者之间的分歧是由不同的分类活动引起的。当分类活动为外显时,被试的推理结果既不支持Medin,也不支持Heit;当分类活动内隐时,被试的推理结果支持Heit的观点。2.人们在日常生活及现实情境中,往往是根据直觉对事物进行分类及多样性推理。     

Acoustic emphasis in four year olds

Acoustic emphasis may convey a range of subtle discourse distinctions, yet little is known about how this complex ability develops in children. This paper presents a first investigation of the factors which influence the production of acoustic prominence in young children’s spontaneous speech. In a production experiment, SVO sentences were elicited from 4 year olds who were asked to describe events in a video. Children were found to place more acoustic prominence both on ‘new’ words and on words that were ‘given’ but had shifted to a more accessible position within the discourse. This effect of accessibility concurs with recent studies of adult speech. We conclude that, by age four, children show appropriate, adult-like use of acoustic prominence, suggesting sensitivity to a variety of discourse distinctions.     

The weckud wetch of the wast: lexical adaptation to a novel accent

Two experiments investigated the mechanism by which listeners adjust their interpretation of accented speech that is similar to a regional dialect of American English. Only a subset of the vowels of English (the front vowels) were shifted during adaptation, which consisted of listening to a 20-min segment of the "Wizard of Oz." Compared to a baseline (unadapted) condition, listeners showed significant adaptation to the accented speech, as indexed by increased word judgments on a lexical decision task. Adaptation also generalized to test words that had not been presented in the accented passage but that contained the shifted vowels. A control experiment showed that the adaptation effect was specific to the direction of the shift in the vowel space and not to a general relaxation of the criterion for what constitutes a good exemplar of the accented vowel category. Taken together, these results provide evidence for a context-specific vowel adaptation mechanism that enables a listener to adjust to the dialect of a particular talker.     

Interpreting Pitch Accents in Online Comprehension: H* vs. L+H*

Although the presence or absence of a pitch accent clearly can play an important role in signaling the discourse and information structure of an utterance, whether the form of an accent determines the type of information it conveys is more controversial. We used an eye-tracking paradigm to investigate whether H*, which has been argued to signal new information, evokes different eye fixations than L+H*, which has been argued to signal the presence of contrast. Our results demonstrate that although listeners interpret these accents differently, their interpretive domains overlap. L+H* creates a strong bias toward contrast referents whereas H* is compatible with both new and contrast referents.     

折中效应的整合性机制

摘要：文中通过导入适应水平理论,使用二分类Logistics回归模型分析复合因素下折中效应的变化规律。共有以下发现：第一,信息提示方式对于折中效应有主效应,而且,信息的单面提示比双面提示方式下更易出现折中效应;第二,信息提示方式、精致化、风险认知对于折中效应有显著的二阶交互效应;第三,消费者的产品卷入、产品知识、风险认知分别与折中效应有正或负的关系。结论表明,在信息提示方式的调节作用之下,折中效应中不但分别存在单一的ELM抑制机制以及风险认知促进机制,而且还存在它们的双重机制。     

内隐联结测验(IAT)研究回顾与展望

Greenwald等人提出的内隐联结测验(Implicit Association Test,IAT),引起了心理学家的广泛关注,是当前心理学研究的热点之一。虽然IAT以其突出的优点被广泛应用,但由于它仅仅有五年的历史,所以还不够成熟,在程序、效度等方面有很多争议。本文对以前的有关研究成果进行了总结,并从IAT的程序、效度和变式三个方面进行了概括,展望了今后的研究方向。     

Accent modulates access to word meaning: Evidence for a speaker-model account of spoken word recognition

Speech carries accent information relevant to determining the speaker’s linguistic and social background. A series of web-based experiments demonstrate that accent cues can modulate access to word meaning. In Experiments 1–3, British participants were more likely to retrieve the American dominant meaning (e.g., hat meaning of “bonnet”) in a word association task if they heard the words in an American than a British accent. In addition, results from a speeded semantic decision task (Experiment 4) and sentence comprehension task (Experiment 5) confirm that accent modulates on-line meaning retrieval such that comprehension of ambiguous words is easier when the relevant word meaning is dominant in the speaker’s dialect. Critically, neutral-accent speech items, created by morphing British- and American-accented recordings, were interpreted in a similar way to accented words when embedded in a context of accented words (Experiment 2). This finding indicates that listeners do not use accent to guide meaning retrieval on a word-by-word basis; instead they use accent information to determine the dialectic identity of a speaker and then use their experience of that dialect to guide meaning access for all words spoken by that person. These results motivate a speaker-model account of spoken word recognition in which comprehenders determine key characteristics of their interlocutor and use this knowledge to guide word meaning access.     

Group Creativity Training for Children: Lessons Learned from Two Award‐Winning Teams

The development of group creativity can be challenging for both young students and their teachers. This study examined the processes and learning outcomes of group creativity training from the perspectives of elementary school students and teachers while identifying critical factors that contributed to the success of the training. Data were collected from two Korean elementary school teams that won the gold (1st) and a special medal at the 2011 Destination Imagination global competition. Both individual and group interviews were carried out with 13 students and two teachers to investigate their perspectives of group creativity training. The analysis of the interview data revealed three major factors and subthemes: group dynamics (conflict and play), individual characteristics of the students (personality and motivation), and teachers’ roles (training strategies, training style, and commitment). In addition, a semi‐longitudinal survey conducted a year after the interviews examined nine skill or competency domains (self‐management, creativity, leadership, interpersonal relationship, patience, cooperation, information processing, communication, and presentation) to evaluate effects of the group creativity training on student learning. Synthesizing the analyses, we addressed the following three topics that arose from the discussions: the Safe Nest Effect, teachers’ training style, and multiple learning experiences derived from group creativity training.     

儿童青少年协作促进的发展

旨在考察不同年龄的个体, 在不同回忆序列和学习材料上协作促进的发展情况。采用3(回忆序列:协作—个人—个人〔CII〕、个人—协作—个人〔ICI〕、个人—个人—个人〔III〕)× 5(年龄:9、11、14、17、20)× 2(材料:图片、文字)的被试间设计。结果发现:(1)各年龄个体在CII和ICI两种回忆序列上均出现了协作促进, 且两种序列条件下被试的最终个人回忆成绩无差异;(2)另外, 17岁个体的协作促进量显著高于9岁、11岁、14岁和20岁, 其他各年龄之间无差异;(3)图片和文字的协作促进量无差异。这说明小组协作回忆的顺序对协作促进没有太大影响, 17岁个体协作促进的效果最好。