视空间和听觉数字记忆的混合广度

Ｆｒｉｃｋ成功地增加了混合通道的广度,其必要条件是同时呈现视觉刺激和反序报告。该文采用干扰更少的Ｃｏｒｓｉ视空间测验,即序列呈现视觉刺激,并用正序报告,进行混合广度的新实验。发现在分离通道报告的条件下其混合广度都明显地高于单一通道的广度,因此Ｆｒｉｃｋ的两个必要条件不总是必需的。这种新的混合广度实验可能对研究工作记忆的中央执行系统有益。比较了刺激呈现模式和被试反应方式对混合广度的影响     

Actual and subjective age-related differences in women's attitudes toward their bodies across the life span

The present study examined actual and subjective age-related variations in women's perceptions of their weight, sexual attractiveness, physical condition, and overall body satisfaction. To this end, 265 women between the ages of 17 and 85 years completed the Body Esteem Scale (Franzio & Shields, 1984), the subjective age scales of the Subjective Age and Gender Scale (Montepare, 1996), and the Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965). Analyses revealed that, whereas women of all ages held unfavorable attitudes toward their weight, the positivity of their perceptions of their sexual attractiveness and physical condition was curvilinearly related to their age group with middle-aged women having the most favorable images. Analyses also revealed that women's subjective age, as opposed to their actual age, was a stronger predictor of their body attitudes. Moreover, the observed relationships were independent of the effects of self-esteem, which was nevertheless strongly linked to women's body image.     

大小字号的文本对中文读者眼动模式和阅读知觉广度的影响

摘 要 研究以眼动仪为工具,采用移动窗口范式考察不同字号文本对读者阅读知觉广度和眼动模式的影响。实验结果发现,被试阅读大、小字号文本时的阅读知觉广度都是四个字。字号大小不影响读者的阅读知觉广度,但是影响读者的眼动模式。具体表现为：被试阅读小号字文本的平均注视时间、总注视时间比大号字文本长,平均眼跳距离更短,相对眼跳距离（单位为字的个数）更长,注视次数更多。     

中文单字词句的阅读知觉广度*

通过考察中文单字词句的阅读知觉广度来探讨中文阅读的基本加工单元问题。实验采用“呈现随眼动变化”技术——移动窗口范式,记录了20名大学生阅读120个单字词句时的眼动行为,其中实验材料分5种窗口条件呈现。实验结果显示,单字词句的右侧阅读知觉广度为2个单字词,小于以往知觉广度的研究结果。中文阅读的基本加工单元可能是词。     

Predicting immediate ordered recall of lists with products of probabilities

Immediate ordered recall performance is often reported in terms of recall of individual items or of lists. Schweickert, Chen and Poirier (Int. J. Psychol. 34 (1999) 447) proposed that the probability of recalling a list approximately equals the product of the conditional probabilities that each item is recalled, given its immediate predecessor is recalled. This Product of Adjacent Conditionals gave a close lower bound to the probability of recalling a list, although it is not exactly right. An alternative is that dependencies are expressed through probabilities conditioned on retrieval of higher level units such as chunks. An example is a key assumption of Anderson and Matessa (Psychol. Rev. 104 (1997) 728). This alternative is rejected here. Overall, the Product of Adjacent Conditionals formula and the Anderson and Matessa theory predicted recall of a list about equally well.     

输出方式和输出时间对数字广度的影响

实验目的是探讨在不同的输出方式下,输出时间对短时记忆的影响是否相同。在数字广度实验中,给被试呈现单个数字组成的数字串,要求被试分别采用口头和书写两种输出方式来报告不同的内容：直接报告刺激呈现的单个数字串,以及在每个数字前附加不同长度的字符报告。结果发现附加字符使口头和书写的输出时间都增加。但在口头报告中,输出时间增加的同时伴随着记忆成绩下降,而书写报告的记忆成绩不受影响。讨论了此结果的意义,推测输出阶段中影响记忆成绩的可能是发音时间,而不是延迟时间。     

工作记忆广度个体差异模型述评

探究工作记忆广度的个体差异对揭示工作记忆实质具有重要的意义,文章首先介绍了工作记忆广度任务的特点,其次,对目前工作记忆广度个体差异的主要理论模型进行阐述和评价,最后总结了可能影响工作记忆广度个体差异的主要因素。     

绕口令效应对汉语阅读影响的眼动研究

绕口令效应指无论朗读还是默读,绕口令的阅读时间都长于正常句子的阅读时间。本研究采用Eyelink 2000型眼动仪,通过两个实验考察汉语阅读中的绕口令效应及其对知觉广度的影响。实验1结果表明:与阅读非绕口令相比,绕口令的阅读时间和注视次数均显著增加而阅读速度和平均眼跳幅度均显著下降。实验2结果表明:绕口令的知觉广度为注视点右侧1~2个汉字,控制句的知觉广度为注视点右侧2~3个汉字。结果说明汉语中存在绕口令效应,使读者知觉广度变小,阅读效率下降。。     

小学五年级语文学优生与学困生阅读知觉广度的眼动研究

本研究以眼动仪为工具,采用移动窗口范式来考察小学五年级语文学优生和学困生的阅读知觉广度。实验结果发现,小学五年级语文学优生的阅读知觉广度范围为注视字左侧一个汉字到注视字右侧三个汉字,小学五年级语文学困生的阅读知觉广度范围为注视字左侧一个汉字到注视字右侧两个汉字。小学五年级语文学优生的阅读知觉广度比学困生更大。     

Sex segregation in friendships and normative contexts across the life span

Sex segregation (the separation of boys and girls into same-sex groups in their friendships and casual encounters; [Thorne, B., & Luria, Z. (1986). Sexuality and gender in children’s daily worlds. Social Problems, 33, 176–190]), has typically been viewed as a childhood phenomenon. In the present paper, we review research that suggests the phenomenon of sex segregation persists across the life span. We draw from a social-constructionist model to synthesize literature documenting sex segregation in friendships and aspects of individuals’ socio-cultural contexts in childhood, adolescence, and early and later adulthood. We consider developmental continuities in mechanisms that may be associated with sex segregation, including behavioral compatibility, communication styles, third-party resistance to other-sex relationships, and institutional barriers to other-sex relationships. We discuss how these factors may, through a reciprocal process, contribute to and result from sex segregation. Finally, we offer recommendations for future research.