A two-week monitoring of self-reported arousal, worry and attribution among persons with annoyance attributed to electrical equipment and smells

Non-patients attributing annoyance to either smells (smell annoyed; SA, n= 29) or electrical equipment (electrically annoyed; EA, n= 17), or both (generally annoyed; GA, n= 38), were monitored for 2 weeks through daily self-ratings of arousal (stress), sleep disturbances, health complaints, worry about hypersensitivity reactions, avoidance behaviors, and attributions of health complaints to electrical equipment and smells. In parallel, a demographically matched reference group was followed (n= 56). GA persons reported higher arousal (stress), more subjective health complaints, and more sleep disturbances than the other groups. About 60% in the GA and EA groups reported intentional avoidance behavior, compared to 31% in the SA group and 2% of the referents. Worry and attribution to environmental factors was also more frequent among GA persons than in the other groups. Thus, even at sub-clinical levels, environmental annoyance generalized to several triggers seems to be associated with behaviors commonly observed among patients with idiopathic environmental intolerance.     

The Case Against Objective Values

While objective values need not be intrinsically motivating, need not actually motivate us, they would determine what we ought to pursue and protect. They would provide reasons for actions. Objective values would come in degrees, and more objective value would provide stronger reasons. It follows that, if objective value exists, we ought to maximize it in the world. But virtually no one acts with that goal in mind. Furthermore, objective value would exist independently of our subjective valuings. But we have no way of measuring amounts of such values independently of the ways we value objects. While a subjectivist can account for mistaken values, a fully impersonal viewpoint, from which objective values would appear, seems instead to cause all values to disappear. Nor does the moral point of view, which requires more impartiality than agents usually exhibit, reveal fully objective values. The paper closes with an examination of the most widely endorsed candidates for states having positive and negative objective values: pleasures and pains. It concludes again that, once we adjust for worthiness of the object and desert of the subject for such states, there is no way to measure their supposed objective value.     

国外环境心理学研究新进展

环境心理学产生于20世纪五六十年代的美国。它反对传统心理学简单的刺激—反应因果论,提出以整体、生态的观点来研究人与环境的交互关系,即人创造环境、赋予环境意义,而环境又鼓励、限制和塑造人的活动和经验,并且校正过去心理学研究过于疏忽环境的观点。强调人类主动处理以及塑造环境的能力,而并非只是被动的接受环境的刺激。本文以环境心理学的基本内容、研究特点、理论观点为线索,介绍国外环境心理学最新进展。     

奖励对创造力的影响及其机制

在奖励对创造力的影响的问题上, 相关研究一直存在很大争议。在系统分析以往研究的基础上, 认为奖励既可以促进创造力也可以阻碍创造力, 这取决于对奖励的界定及对创造力的理解, 也受个体差异和外部环境因素的影响。在作用途径上, 奖励可以通过动机或认知因素以及它们的综合作用对创造力产生影响。研究在此基础上构建出一个综合了奖励和创造力及其影响因素的模型。     

不同环境照度下手机屏幕亮度最优参数研究－以三星某手机为例

已有研究表明环境照度、计算机显示器的屏幕亮度和对比度会影响用户的任务操作绩效。本研究采用视觉搜索任务,从行为绩效、主观评价以及眼睛疲劳度指标来考察环境照度、手机屏幕亮度对视觉搜索绩效的影响,并提出在不同的环境照度下手机屏幕亮度的最优值设置参数。结果表明：（1）当手机屏幕亮度保持不变时,不同环境亮度下的搜索绩效差异显著。（2）当环境照度为0lx时,手机屏幕亮度的最优值在11cd/m2左右;环境照度为100lx时,手机屏幕亮度的最优值是68cd/m2左右,环境照度为500lx时,手机屏幕亮度最优值是257cd/m2左右。     

没听到？“听”到！——来自听觉表象神经机制研究的证据

近年来听觉表象开始得到关注,相关研究包括言语声音、音乐声音、环境声音的听觉表象三类。本文梳理了认知神经科学领域对上述三种听觉表象所激活的脑区研究,比较了听觉表象和听觉对应脑区的异同,并展望了听觉表象未来的研究方向。     

地方认同：环境心理学视角下的分析

Proshansky提出的“地方认同” (place identity, 1978)一词, 是环境心理学研究中的重要概念。它指的是人对居住环境的自我认同, 用于理解和测量“人-地关系”。已有研究分别从认知、情感和行为等方面论证了“地方认同”与“地方依恋”、“地方感”及“地方依赖”等概念之间的区别; 并在个体、社会和文化三个层面上均发现了影响地方认同的因素。未来的研究将采用社会认知的实验技术、以及纵向研究设计方法等, 一方面探讨地方认同的内在心理机制, 另一方面则利用此概念探索解决有关的现实问题。     

环境因素对流动儿童歧视知觉的影响及群体态度的调节作用

采用整班联系、自愿参加的方式,选取北京市海淀、朝阳、昌平三个区的1350名流动儿童为被试,采用歧视知觉问卷、家庭社会经济地位问卷、班级环境气氛量表以及群体态度测验,考察家庭经济环境和学校班级环境对流动儿童歧视知觉的影响,并进一步探讨群体态度对它们关系的影响作用。结果表明:(1)家庭社会经济地位、老师支持和同学支持对于个体和群体歧视知觉具有显著的负向影响,同时,班级内聚力对于个体歧视知觉、满意程度对于群体歧视知觉也存在显著的负向影响。(2)同学支持对于个体歧视知觉的负向预测作用更为重要,老师支持则对群体歧视知觉的负向预测作用更为重要。(3)对于群体态度不同的流动儿童,环境因素对其个体和群体歧视知觉的作用存在一定差异。在个体歧视知觉方面,同学支持是态度中立组和态度偏城市儿童组的最佳预测因素,班级内聚力则是态度偏流动儿童组的最佳预测因素;在群体歧视知觉方面,老师支持对于群体态度不同组均表现出最为重要的预测作用。     

青少年学生疏离感的理论构建及量表编制

通过文献分析和实证研究 ,构建了疏离感的理论维度 ,并据此编制了青少年学生疏离感的测量量表。对量表进行探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析后表明 :疏离感是一个多层次、多维度的体系 ,本身包含 2个层次和 9个维度 ,该研究所构建的疏离感理论体系比较合理。疏离感量表具有较好的信度和效度 ,可以作为青少年学生疏离感研究的测量工具     

Genetic and environmental influences on the Verbal-Perceptual-Image Rotation (VPR) model of the structure of mental abilities in the Minnesota study of twins reared apart

In previous papers [Johnson, W., & Bouchard Jr., T. J. (2005a). Constructive Replication of the Visual-Perceptual-Image Rotation (VPR) Model in Thurstone's (1941) Battery of 60 Tests of Mental Ability. Intelligence, 33, 417–430.] [Johnson, W., & Bouchard Jr., T. J. (2005b). The Structure of Human Intelligence: It's Verbal, perceptual, and image rotation (VPR), not Fluid and Crystallized. Intelligence, 33, 393–416.] we have proposed the Verbal, perceptual, and image rotation (VPR) model of the structure of mental abilities. The VPR model is hierarchical, with a g factor that contributes strongly to broad verbal, perceptual, and image rotation abilities, which in turn contribute to 8 more specialized abilities. The verbal and perceptual abilities, though separable, are highly correlated, as are the perceptual and mental rotation abilities. The verbal and mental rotation abilities are much less correlated. In this study we used the twin sample in the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart to estimate the genetic and environmental influences and the correlations among them at each order of the VPR model. Genetic influences accounted for 67–79% of the variance throughout the model, with the exception of the second-stratum Content Memory factor, which showed 33% genetic influence. These influences could not be attributed to assessed similarity of rearing environment. Genetic correlations closely mirrored the phenotypic correlations. Together, these findings substantiate the theory that the entire structure of mental abilities is strongly influenced by genes.