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This study examined the neuronal correlates of reading Roman numerals and the changes that occur with extensive practice. Subjects were scanned by functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) three times the first day of the experiment and once following two to three months of practice. This allowed comparison of brain activations with varying levels of practice on the same day and across the two to three months of training. The results revealed that upon learning that the alphabetical symbols had numeric meaning subjects immediately activated a network of brain areas, many of which have been previously implicated in numerical processing. Subsequent practice led to a change in the pattern of neuronal activity in only a single region of the mid-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in the left hemisphere. Implications of these findings are argued with regard to the prevalent neuronal model for the implementation of elementary numerical abilities. 相似文献
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This study investigated whether Asian elephants can make relative quantity judgment (RQJ), a dichotomous judgment of unequal
quantities ordered in magnitude. In Experiment 1, elephants were simultaneously shown two baskets with differing quantities
of bait (up to 6 items). In Experiment 2, elephants were sequentially presented with baits, which could not be seen by elephants
in their total quantities. The task of elephants was to choose the larger quantity in both experiments. Results showed that
the elephants chose the larger quantity with significantly greater frequency. Interestingly, the elephants did not exhibit
disparity or magnitude effects, in which performance declines with a smaller difference between quantities in a two-choice
task, or the total quantity increases, respectively. These findings appear to be inconsistent with the previous reports of
RQJ in other animals, suggesting that elephants may be using a different mechanism to compare and represent quantities than
previously suggested for other species. 相似文献
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While there is convincing evidence that preverbal human infants and non-human primates can spontaneously represent number, considerable debate surrounds the possibility that such capacity is also present in other animals. Fish show a remarkable ability to discriminate between different numbers of social companions. Previous work has demonstrated that in fish the same set of signature limits that characterize non-verbal numerical systems in primates is present but yet to provide any demonstration that fish can really represent number rather than basing their discrimination on continuous attributes that co-vary with number. In the present work, using the method of ‘item by item’ presentation, we provide the first evidence that fish are capable of selecting the larger group of social companions relying exclusively on numerical information. In our tests subjects could choose between one large and one small group of companions when permitted to see only one fish at a time. Fish were successful when both small (3 vs. 2) and large numbers (8 vs. 4) were involved and their performance was not affected by the density of the fish or by the overall space occupied by the group. 相似文献
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Bert Reynvoet Bert De Smedt Eva Van den Bussche 《Journal of experimental child psychology》2009,(4):480-489
The comparison distance effect (CDE), whereby discriminating between two numbers that are far apart is easier than discriminating between two numbers that are close, has been considered as an important indicator of how people represent magnitudes internally. However, the underlying mechanism of this CDE is still unclear. We tried to shed further light on how people represent magnitudes by using priming. Adults have been shown to exhibit a priming distance effect (PDE), whereby numbers are processed faster when they are preceded by a close number than when they are preceded by a more distant number. Surprisingly, there are no studies available that have investigated this effect in children. The current study examined this effect in typically developing first, third, and fifth graders and in adults. Our findings revealed that the PDE already occurs in first graders and remains stable across development. This study also documents the usefulness of number priming in children, making it an interesting tool for future research. 相似文献
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The spatial component of numerical and ordinal information has been explored in previous research. However, how such mapping emerges and how it is affected by the learning experience are issues still under debate. In the current study, we examined the orientation of the mental number line for different numerical notations (e.g., “1”, “—-”, “”) in Chinese readers. Our data demonstrated that Arabic numbers are mentally aligned horizontally with a left-to-right directionality, while Chinese number words are aligned vertically with a top-to-bottom directionality. These findings indicate that different notations of the same concept have flexible mappings within space, which is plausibly shaped by the dominant context in which the numerical notations appear. 相似文献
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《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》2013,66(7):1262-1273
In the theory of the mental number line, number, and space are implicitly associated, giving rise to the spatial–numerical association of response codes (SNARC) effect, in which smaller numbers are more readily associated with the left side of space and larger numbers with the right, during a parity judgement task. Others, however, have argued that the SNARC effect is flexible and better explained by verbal rather than spatial associations. A few single-case studies on the SNARC effect have tested number–space synaesthetes, who make explicit associations between number and space. Here, we present data from experiments conducted on groups of synaesthetes and nonsynaesthetes on the classic SNARC parity judgement task with lateralized response keys and a modified version in which they responded to labels appearing on screen. Synaesthetes' behaviour was expected to differ from nonsynaesthetes' behaviour due to the explicit, fixed nature of their number–space associations, but both experiments show the two groups behaving in the same way, indicating that parity judgement tasks may not be tapping the same representation of number that gives rise to synaesthetic number–space experiences. 相似文献