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31.
Weimin Mo 《Frontiers of Philosophy in China》2007,2(2):247-264
Cogito, as the first principle of Descartes’ metaphysical system, initiated the modern philosophy of consciousness, becoming both the source and subject of modern Western philosophical discourse. The philosophies of Maine de Biran, Kant, Husserl, Heidegger, Sartre, Merleau-Ponty, and others developed by answering the following questions? Is consciousness substantial or not? Does consciousness require the guarantee of a transcendental subject? Is Cogito epistemological or ontological? Am I a being-for-myself or a being-for-others? Outlining the developmental history of the idea of Cogito from Descartes to Sartre is important for totally comprehending the evolution and development of Western philosophy. 相似文献
32.
Hartmann Scheiblechner 《Psychometrika》2007,72(1):43-67
The (univariate) isotonic psychometric (ISOP) model (Scheiblechner, 1995) is a nonparametric IRT model for dichotomous and
polytomous (rating scale) psychological test data. A weak subject independence axiom W1 postulates that the subjects are ordered
in the same way except for ties (i.e., similarly or isotonically) by all items of a psychological test. A weak item independence
axiom W2 postulates that the order of the items is similar for all subjects. Local independence (LI or W3) is assumed in all
models. With these axioms, sample-free unidimensional ordinal measurements of items and subjects become feasible. A cancellation
axiom (Co) gives, as a result, the additive isotonic psychometric (ADISOP) model and interval scales for subjects and items,
and an independence axiom (W4) gives the completely additive isotonic psychometric (CADISOP) model with an interval scale
for the response variable (Scheiblechner, 1999). The d-ISOP, d-ADISOP, and d-CADISOP models are generalizations to d-dimensional dependent variables (e.g., speed and accuracy of response).
The author would like to thank an Associate Editor and two anonymous referees and also Professor H.H. Schulze for their very
valuable suggestions and corrections. 相似文献
33.
Jan Woleński 《Studia Logica》2007,86(3):479-497
This paper proposes a formal framework for the cognitive relation understood as an ordered pair with the cognitive subject
and object of cognition as its members. The cognitive subject is represented as consisting of a language, conequence relation
and a stock of accepted theories, and the object as a model of those theories. This language allows a simple formulation of
the realism/anti-realism controversy. In particular, Tarski’s undefinability theorem gives a philosophical argument for realism
in epistemology.
Special Issue Formal Epistemology II. Edited by Branden Fitelson 相似文献
34.
35.
知觉流畅性对判断和决策的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
流畅性是个体对加工信息难易程度的一种主观体验, 它分为知觉流畅性、概念流畅性、提取流畅性等。研究者通过操纵刺激与背景的颜色对比度、刺激的字体类型、清晰程度等因素来控制知觉流畅性, 发现知觉流畅性会影响一系列判断和决策任务, 如命题真实性、类别判断、偏好、熟悉性等。知觉流畅性既可以作为判断的直接线索也可以通过选择不同线索和认知策略来间接影响判断和决策。 相似文献
36.
37.
《Journal of Global Ethics》2013,9(1):19-36
NGO-based and rigorously monitored development programmes are bringing about important and positive socio-economic changes in the developing world. However, there are numerous instances of the employment of aggressive and grueling monitoring techniques which objectify the subject of development, the primary stakeholder, claiming development results as the successful achievement of goals of the donor or implementing organization. It is in this context that one can speak of an ethic of monitoring development programmes. The paper argues that such an ethic can be positively based on principles like empowering people through development work without hurting their sense of self-worth, the principle of trust and partnership and, negatively, never striving to objectify any person or people for the achievement of some objective, even if this objective is in itself honourable and desirable. The paper contends that if development is freeing the subject, the central player, to exercise their capability to live their life to the fullest, then development monitoring and development work in general has to enhance freedom, autonomy and openness. 相似文献
38.
自二十世纪60年代Edwards首次用实验研究人类推理是否遵循贝叶斯规则以来,国内外贝叶斯推理研究取得了长足的发展,但也出现了一些困境:对影响贝叶斯推理的客体因素和主体因素研究未成体系,解释理论莫衷一是。未来的研究应该重新审视客体与主体的关系,系统整合和多角度分析影响贝叶斯推理的因素,尝试以三重加工心智模型解释人类贝叶斯推理行为,并对以往的解释理论进行融合,从而更好地揭示人类不确定性决策的本质。 相似文献
39.
英国新马克思主义者站在时代的前沿,对马克思主义的传统理论命题,经济基础与上层建筑、社会主体、意识形态等问题进行了全新的解读,在此基础上,形成了一种独具特色的马克思主义文化理论阐释模式,并在当今世界上日益彰显出优越的价值。 相似文献
40.