An Evaluation of Interventions to Facilitate Algebra Problem Solving

Three participants were trained on 6 target algebra skills and subsequently received a series of 5 instructional interventions (cumulative practice, tiered feedback, feedback plus solution sequence instruction, review practice, and transfer training) in a multiple baseline across skills design. The effects of the interventions on the performance of 5 problem-solving tasks that required novel combinations of 2 or more of the target skills were evaluated. Results showed that cumulative practice of the skills and a combination of feedback with solution sequence instruction led to limited performance increases on some of the problem-solving tasks, with one task meeting the mastery criterion following the solution sequence intervention. The introduction of the transfer training resulted in more consistent improvements across tasks such that participants achieved the performance criterion on all remaining problem-solving tasks during a final baseline condition. The findings suggest that a structured intervention designed to transfer stimulus control from previously established discriminative stimuli to more complex, novel stimuli can facilitate problem solving without extensive direct instruction on the higher-level skills. This research was funded in part by a contract with the Florida Department of Children and Families. The content and opinions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect the position or policy of the Department of Children and Families. We thank Tim Vollmer for suggestions made throughout this study and for helpful comments on an earlier draft of this paper. We also thank Linda Meckler for her assistance with data collection. Kristin H. Mayfield, now at iLearn, Inc., Marietta, GA, USA.     

儿童大叶性肺炎诊治中的几点认识

大叶性肺炎是儿科呼吸系统常见、且较严重的疾病之一,与成年人大叶性肺炎差异较显著,近年来发病率在逐年升高,且婴幼儿患者明显增多,因起病隐匿,极易误诊、漏诊,病原学亦发生了较大的变迁,疗程较长,极大地威胁着儿童的身心健康,这就要求儿科医师有敏锐的洞察力、不循规蹈矩,运用哲学的辩证思维来分析病例,及时作相关检查,恰到好处地把握疗程。     

Learning to use novel objects: a training study on the acquisition of novel action representations

Many studies have suggested that the motor system is organized in a hierarchical fashion, around the prototypical end location associated with using objects. However, most studies supporting the hierarchical view have used well-known actions and objects that are highly over-learned. Accordingly, at present it is unclear if the hierarchical principle applies to learning the use of novel objects as well. In the present study we found that when learning to use a novel object subjects acquired an action representation of the end location associated with using the object, as evidenced by slower responses in an action observation task, when the object was presented at an incorrect end location. By showing the importance of knowledge about end locations when learning to use a novel object, the present study suggests that end locations are a fundamental organizing feature of the human motor system.     

气道管理与呼吸机相关性肺炎防治策略

气道管理是机械通气过程中的关键技术,人工气道管理各个环节的处理,关系到机械通气的顺利进行,对呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)有不同程度的直接或间接的影响。气道管理的策略应该注重局部和整体的关系,在全身调整的基础上细致地管理气道的各个环节,体现气道管理的艺术。本文结合最新的临床研究证据阐明气道管理与VAP防治的策略。     

小儿重症肺炎的诊治策略

肺炎是儿童常见的呼吸道疾病,小儿重症肺炎及其导致的并发症特别全身炎症反应综合征和多脏器功能衰竭是严重威胁儿童健康和生命的重要原因。随着基础医学和临床医学的发展,人们的认识逐渐深入,防治水平也取得重要进展。但病原学的变迁,不恰当的临床监测和干预仍然影响着人们对该病的正确认识和处理。运用哲学的辩证思维来探讨小儿重症肺炎诊治中的若干问题,将为儿科临床工作提供新的指导。     

A Mixed-method Study of Individual,Couple, and Parental Functioning During the State-regulated COVID-19 Lockdown in Spain

During the recent COVID-19 outbreak in Spain, we explored the individual and relational well-being of people confined together with their partners and/or children during the first 3 weeks of state-regulated lockdown. Adults 18 years or older (N = 407) completed an online survey that included demographic, household, and employment information along with standardized measures of psychological distress (State-Trait Anxiety and Beck Depression) and relationship functioning—either the Dyadic Adjustment Scale if there were no children in the household or a Basic Family Relations Evaluation Questionnaire (CERFB) measuring conjugal, parental, and coparental functions. Qualitative analyses of responses to an open-ended question about perceived changes in couple or family dynamics during lockdown revealed nine specific themes comprising two overarching categories: relational improvement and deterioration. The overall prevalence of improvement themes (61.7%) exceeded deterioration themes (41.0%), with increased (re)connection and conflict atmosphere cited most often. Quantitative analyses found elevated levels of state anxiety but not trait anxiety or depression during lockdown. Consistent with the qualitative results, couples having no children at home reported high levels of dyadic adjustment, but with children present CERFB parental functioning exceeded conjugal functioning, a pattern sometimes associated with child triangulation into adult conflicts. Although correlates of psychological distress (e.g., unemployment, perceived economic risk) were relatively stable across subgroups, predictors of relationship functioning varied substantially with household/parental status (e.g., telecommuting and employment facilitated conjugal functioning only for couples with children).     

Some actions for behavior analyst licensing bodies to consider in response to the COVID‐19 pandemic

The COVID‐19 global pandemic has had a significant impact on the practice of applied behavior analysis (ABA). Practitioners and caregivers have had to adapt quickly as physical distancing, stay‐at‐home orders, and shelter‐in‐place directives have become commonplace. As the field copes with the changes produced by the COVID‐19 outbreak, many behavior analytic practitioners are seeking guidance from regulatory bodies to ensure they are practicing legally and ethically. This article outlines some actions that the regulatory bodies that manage state behavior analyst licensure programs may consider to assist ABA practitioners and consumers during this unprecedented time. Additionally, suggestions are offered as to how state licensing bodies might prepare to support the practice of licensees during future events that present challenges similar to the current pandemic.     

呼吸机管路集中消毒对新生儿呼吸机相关性肺炎的影响

探讨呼吸机管路集中消毒对新生儿呼吸机相关性肺炎（VAP）的影响。将200例应用呼吸机的患儿按照时间顺序分为观察组（80例）和对照组（120例）,对照组呼吸机管路由病区采用传统消毒方法消毒,自然晾干备用。观察组呼吸机管路由消毒供应中心集中回收,全自动清洗机清洗消毒、高温高压灭菌,比较两组患儿VAP的发生率。对照组VAP发生率为31．667％,观察组VAP发生率为16．250％,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。呼吸机管路集中消毒,可有效降低新生儿VAP的发生率。     

Effects of the coronavirus pandemic on perceived capitalization support provision and receipt

The coronavirus pandemic has influenced relationship dynamics due to heightened stress, increased isolation, and the need for social distancing. Prior work suggests receiving support for positive events (“capitalization support”) during this time could boost well-being, but only if it is provided in a manner that is active (involved) and constructive (supportive), as opposed to passive (uninvolved) and/or destructive (discouraging). Given the need for reduced social contact, we predicted the pandemic would make providing active, constructive support more challenging and might increase the frequency of passive support. We conducted two studies to explore how perceptions of capitalization methods may have shifted during the pandemic using an online participant pool (MTurk). Overall, we found that participants reported receiving significantly less active-constructive capitalization support and receiving more passive-constructive support during the pandemic (compared to pre-pandemic perceptions). In addition, we found that those who reported receiving and providing more active-constructive support tended to report more positive well-being outcomes. Interestingly, passive-constructive support was also associated with greater well-being for recipients (counter to prior research that has shown it associated with only costs). Overall, our data suggests that capitalization support perceptions are associated with well-being even during the pandemic, but methods of capitalization support perceived may have shifted during the pandemic.