高低创造性思维水平者的认知抑制能力：行为和生理的证据

本研究采用2个实验, 考察创造性思维测验得分高低者在Stroop任务干扰条件上的差异, 从行为和生理指标探讨认知抑制与创造性思维的关系, 以及时间压力对认知抑制与创造性思维关系的调节作用。实验1采用Stroop颜色命名任务。结果发现, 相比低创者, 高创者的反应时干扰效应量和正确率干扰效应量均更小。实验2采用更灵活的Stroop字义-颜色命名转换任务, 操纵不同的时间压力条件, 并记录被试完成任务时的皮肤电活动。结果发现, 高创者在有时间压力条件下的干扰效应量显著小于无时间压力条件下, 而低创者在有和无时间压力条件下的干扰效应量无显著差异; 高创者在颜色命名任务的不一致条件下的皮肤电活动变化显著高于一致条件, 而低创者在颜色命名任务的一致和不一致条件下无显著差异。研究表明：总体而言, 相比低创者, 高创者的认知抑制能力更高, 能够有效抑制优势的但不相关的反应倾向。时间压力在认知抑制与创造性思维的关系中起调节作用, 高创者面对不同任务要求能够灵活调整自身的认知抑制水平, 并表现出变化的生理唤醒水平。结果支持创造性思维的适应性认知抑制假说。     

抑制对老年人舌尖现象的影响

抑制不足理论认为老年人抑制能力不足, 易受干扰信息的影响, 阻碍对目标词的检索, 故比年轻人有更多舌尖现象。实验1操纵抑制通达子功能探讨其在老年人舌尖现象中的作用, 采用2(干扰条件：有、无)×2(年龄组：老年、年轻)的混合设计, 相比于无干扰条件, 干扰条件下舌尖现象年龄差异变得更大, 表明老年人舌尖现象和通达功能有关。实验2操纵抑制删除子功能, 采用2(是否激活干扰：是、否)×2(年龄组：老年、年轻)的混合设计, 不激活干扰条件下舌尖现象年龄差异不显著, 而激活干扰条件下舌尖现象年龄差异显著, 舌尖现象随龄增多与删除功能不足有关。通达和删除功能不足是老年人舌尖现象增多的重要原因。     

不同熟练双语儿童注意定向中的抑制控制

研究目的：探讨不同熟练双语儿童“注意定向”成分中抑制控制的差异,及这一差异是否依赖于双语儿童第二语言的熟练程度。方法：采用IOR范式的行为实验。被试为平衡、未平衡双语儿童和单语儿童。结果：SOA600ms时,三组被试均出现了IOR,平衡双语儿童与单语儿童的IOR效应量差异显著,其余被试间差异均不显著。结论：（1）双语学习促进了平衡双语儿童抑制控制能力的发展。（2）双语学习对抑制控制能力的促进作用依赖于双语儿童第二语言的熟练程度。     

Task‐related interactions between kindergarten children and their teachers: the role of emotional security

This study examined the emotional security of kindergarten children in dyadic task‐related interactions with their teachers. In particular, it examined the interrelations between security, task behaviours (persistence and independence), social inhibition, and teachers' support. Participants were 79 kindergartners (mean age=69.7 months) and their 40 regular teachers. Children were selected to approach a normal distribution of social inhibition. Children and teachers were filmed during a dyadic interaction task outside the classroom. Three groups of independent observers rated children's emotional security and their task behaviours, as well as teachers' supportive behaviours. Multilevel modelling revealed a positive link between teachers' support and emotional security. This link suppressed a negative relation between social inhibition and emotional security. In addition, emotional security was positively associated with children's task behaviours and mediated part of the positive link between these behaviours and teachers' support. Finally, security moderated the relation between support and persistence, such that the effect of teachers' support on persistent behaviours was amplified for relatively insecure children. These results highlight the importance of considering emotional security when examining the interactions between kindergarten children and their teachers. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

自主控制眼跳：实验范式、神经机制和应用

自主控制眼跳是眼跳类型之一。自主控制眼跳实验范式为研究各种脑损伤,神经疾病和精神失调提供了一种新的研究手段,为研究眼跳的神经机制以及反应抑制、空间工作记忆等高级认知功能提供了重要的方法。文章介绍了自主控制眼跳的两种实验范式：反向眼跳和记忆导向眼跳,阐述了自主控制眼跳的神经机制及其实验范式的应用,指出自主控制眼跳实验范式为评定精神分裂症等脑功能失调病人的神经功能状态提供了重要的信息,为研究各种脑功能失调和精神疾病提供了重要的研究方法。今后的研究趋势是眼跳研究与神经成像技术和临床观察相结合     

Retrieval Inhibition and Memory Distortion: Negative Consequences of an Adaptive Process

ABSTRACT— Despite the fact that misinformation effects have long been studied by both applied researchers and modelers of human memory, there is little consensus as to the value of such endeavors. We argue that this may be due to a failure to identify the underlying mechanism responsible for such memory distortions. We consider novel evidence for a relationship between retrieval-induced forgetting and the reporting of misinformation. We also explore the extent to which retrieval inhibition underpins this relationship and the implications this has for the modeling of memory and finding potential solutions to real-world problems.     

Biological and caregiver correlates of behavioral inhibition

The aim of this study was to explore the relationships among measures of behavioral inhibition, physiological reactivity, and caregiver attitudes. Measures comprised of heart rate; survey assessments of caregiver empathy with the child, appropriateness of caregiver developmental expectations of the child, and use of positive discipline techniques; and observational measures of behavioral inhibition were gathered in a laboratory setting on 72, 5–6‐year old children. It was found that heart rate and behavioral inhibition were positively correlated (0.595), whereas behavioral inhibition was negatively correlated with caregiver attitudes of empathy (?0.356), appropriate expectations (?0.366), and use of positive discipline techniques (?0.275). However, there was no correlation between heart rate and caregiver attitudes. These data suggest that physiological reactivity to novel stimuli and caregiver attitudes of empathy, appropriate expectations, and use of positive discipline techniques conjointly influence behavioral inhibition in early childhood. Further, these three caregiver variables accounted for significant variance in children who had high reactive physiological profiles associated with inhibited behavior patterns, but did not display such patterns. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

抑制能力与工作记忆能量的相关研究

采用汉字材料的负启动范式,考察了大学生和老年人被试的特性和空间位置抑制能力,及其与工作记忆能量的相关。结果发现：位置抑制能力与工作记忆能量无显著相关,而特性抑制能力与工作记忆能量存在正相关。说明个体的分心抑制能力是影响其工作记忆能量的重要因素。但工作记忆的年龄差异可能还受分心抑制之外其它认知因素的影响。     

材料性质对有意遗忘影响的实验研究

以大学生为被试 ,采用字表方式 ,探讨了词语和图片两种材料下的有意遗忘。结果发现 :①被试在词语和图片两种材料下的有意遗忘没有显著差异 ;②对于词语材料 ,被试既对指示记忆的项目进行了更加精细的编码 ,又对指示遗忘的项目产生了抑制 ;③对于图片材料 ,被试只对指示遗忘的项目产生了提取抑制 ,而没有对指示记忆的项目进行有意复述。     

准备状态对反应抑制的影响

从事件因素和时间因素两个方面探讨了准备状态对反应抑制的影响。事件准备可降低反应模式的不确定性 ,而时间准备则与降低反应时间的不确定性有关。线索、反应概率以及刺激呈现时间等因素不仅导致反应时间出现变化 ,还可引起反应力、心跳间期以及LRP和CNV等脑电指标发生变化。传统的反应抑制研究以反应时为指标 ,不能揭示反应抑制的内部过程 ,而心理生理学方法能弥补这一缺陷。生理指标与行为指标的结合 ,以及生理指标之间的结合 ,可更有效地探讨准备状态对反应抑制的效应。