Size of defeat and liking for superior and similar ability competitors

Data are reported supporting the view that a competitor's pronounced superiority in ability can serve the positive function of reducing threat to self-esteem stemming from severe negative comparisons by rendering these comparisons irrelevant. Females of apparently comparable ability, compared their performances on a test said to measure cognitive fluency. A competitor's promotion to a higher level of ability (i.e., being designated as incomparably superior by an outside agent) caused an initially comparable competitor who decisively defeated the subject to be eliminated as a relevant comparison threat and to be liked more than a nonpromoted competitor who only marginally defeated the subject and hence remained comparable. A promoted competitor who marginally defeated the subject and a nonpromoted competitor who decisively defeated the subject were relatively disliked. Perceived ability and threat data together with observer control group findings indicated that this liking pattern was a function of differential comparison threat and not of the competitors' objective stimulus characteristics.     

Influence of televised modeling and verbalization on children's delay of gratification

Voluntary delay of gratification in 9-year-old children was assessed 4 weeks prior to, immediately after, and 4 weeks subsequent to exposure to one of four televized films. The modeling group observed an adult female model exemplify high-delay behavior. The persuasion group observed the model verbalize good reasons for waiting. The persuasion-modeling group observed the model exemplify high-delay behavior and verbalize reasons for waiting. Subjects in each of the treatment groups emitted more delay choices on the posttest than control group subjects who observed the model exhibit neutral behavior. The greatest magnitude of change occurred when modeling and persuasive cues were combined. Treatment effects were still in evidence for the modeling and the persuasion-modeling groups after a period of 4 weeks.     

Iris Marion Young on responsible intervention: reimagining humanitarian intervention

Iris Marion Young took a strong stance against humanitarian intervention and other so-called legitimate instances of what she calls ‘official violence’. Nevertheless, she was also aware that there may be some situations for which military humanitarian intervention should at least be considered. Young was concerned that some states will use their obligation to defend against human rights violations as a mechanism in securing or maintaining global dominance. In addition, she recognized that what counts as a violation of human rights is not uncontroversial; human rights norms and conventions are interpreted, negotiated, and otherwise contested. In this article, I build on Young’s arguments for a social connection model of responsibility by applying it to a situation where a forceful response to violence might be justified. I juxtapose Young’s position with the emerging international standard called ‘the responsibility to protect’ in order to suggest an account of intervention for global governance relations.     

FROM EXTENSION TO REVOLUTIONARY CHANGE IN CLINICAL PSYCHOANALYSIS: THE RADICAL INFLUENCE OF BION AND WINNICOTT

This paper addresses the radical departure of late Bion's and Winnicott's clinical ideas and practices from traditional psychoanalytic work, introducing a revolutionary change in clinical psychoanalysis. The profound significance and implications of their thinking are explored, and in particular Bion's conception of transformation in O and Winnicott's clinical‐technical revision of analytic work, with its emphasis on regression in the treatment of more disturbed patients. The author specifically connects the unknown and unknowable emotional reality‐O with unthinkable breakdown (Winnicott) and catastrophe (Bion). The author suggests that the revolutionary approach introduced by the clinical thinking of late Bion and Winnicott be termed quantum psychoanalysis. She thinks that this approach can coexist with classical psychoanalysis in the same way that classical physics coexists with quantum physics.     

A computational cognitive model of syntactic priming

The psycholinguistic literature has identified two syntactic adaptation effects in language production: rapidly decaying short-term priming and long-lasting adaptation. To explain both effects, we present an ACT-R model of syntactic priming based on a wide-coverage, lexicalized syntactic theory that explains priming as facilitation of lexical access. In this model, two well-established ACT-R mechanisms, base-level learning and spreading activation, account for long-term adaptation and short-term priming, respectively. Our model simulates incremental language production and in a series of modeling studies, we show that it accounts for (a) the inverse frequency interaction; (b) the absence of a decay in long-term priming; and (c) the cumulativity of long-term adaptation. The model also explains the lexical boost effect and the fact that it only applies to short-term priming. We also present corpus data that verify a prediction of the model, that is, that the lexical boost affects all lexical material, rather than just heads.     

追踪研究中测验信度的估计

追踪研究中测验工具的信度是衡量追踪研究质量的重要指标。传统的信度估计方法不适用于估计追踪研究的测验信度。近年来, 研究者提出了四种估计追踪研究的测验信度, 包括估计单个时间点的测验信度系数rw和r(Sw), 以及估计整个追踪研究的测验信度系数RT和RL。本文评述了这四种信度估计方法的数学模型、前提假设及其优缺点。RT和RL既可估计追踪研究中单个时间点的测验信度, 也可估计追踪研究中整个追踪研究的测验信度, 所需要的前提假设较少, 推荐同时使用RT和RL来估计追踪研究的测验信度。     

青少年反思自我评价的记忆效应

采用R/K判断任务,探讨来自母亲、好朋友、不熟悉同学反思自我评价的记忆效应.结果发现:33名12～14岁青少年在总再认率和"记得"指标上,母亲加工条件和好朋友加工条件差异不显著,两者显著高于不熟悉同学加工条件(实验一);32名15～17岁青少年,在总再认率上,母亲加工条件和好朋友加工条件差异不显著,两者显著高于不熟悉同学加工条件,但在"记得"指标上,好朋友、母亲、不熟悉同学加工条件呈显著递减趋势(实验二).两项实验表明来自亲疏关系不同他人反思自我评价存在记忆优势效应;青少年处于不同发展阶段,不同他人反思自我评价的记忆优势效应也存在差异.     

Strategy generalization across orientation tasks: testing a computational cognitive model

Humans use their spatial information processing abilities flexibly to facilitate problem solving and decision making in a variety of tasks. This article explores the question of whether a general strategy can be adapted for performing two different spatial orientation tasks by testing the predictions of a computational cognitive model. Human performance was measured on an orientation task requiring participants to identify the location of a target either on a map (find-on-map) or within an egocentric view of a space (find-in-scene). A general strategy instantiated in a computational cognitive model of the find-on-map task, based on the results from Gunzelmann and Anderson (2006) , was adapted to perform both tasks and used to generate performance predictions for a new study. The qualitative fit of the model to the human data supports the view that participants were able to tailor a general strategy to the requirements of particular spatial tasks. The quantitative differences between the predictions of the model and the performance of human participants in the new experiment expose individual differences in sample populations. The model provides a means of accounting for those differences and a framework for understanding how human spatial abilities are applied to naturalistic spatial tasks that involve reasoning with maps.     

NATURALISTIC METHODOLOGY IN AN EMERGING SCIENTIFIC PSYCHOLOGY: LOTZE AND FECHNER IN THE BALANCE

The development of a methodologically naturalistic approach to physiological and experimental psychology in the nineteenth century was not primarily driven by a naturalistic agenda. The work of R. Hermann Lotze and G. T. Fechner help to illustrate this claim. I examine a selected set of central commitments in each thinkers philosophical outlook, particularly regarding the human soul and the nature of God, that departed strongly from a reductionist materialism. Yet, each contributed significantly to the formation of experimental and physiological psychology. Their work was influenced substantively by their respective philosophical commitments. Nevertheless, the evaluation of the merits of their specific proposals, Fechner's psychophysics and Lotze's local sign hypothesis respectively, did not depend upon sharing their metaphysical views regarding the human soul or the nature of God. A moderate, but significant, distinction between the contexts of discovery and of justification aids in understanding this balancing act.