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181.
The major goal of the present study was to investigate the potential influence of age on the relationship among performance measures derived from a Hick reaction time task and general intelligence (psychometric g). Participants were 130 male and 130 female younger adults (mean age: 24.6 years) covering a wide range of individual levels of intelligence. Results from structural-equation modelling analyses clearly indicate that there is no evidence for the notion of a general speed factor underlying psychometric g. A much more sufficient model is provided by the assumption that median reaction time (RTmd) and intraindividual variability of reaction time (RTSD), though highly correlated, reflect two distinct sources of variance for psychometric g. While age was negatively associated with RTmd, no such relationship could be established for RTSD. 相似文献
182.
How experimental algorithmics can benefit from Mayo’s extensions to Neyman–Pearson theory of testing
Thomas Bartz-Beielstein 《Synthese》2008,163(3):385-396
Although theoretical results for several algorithms in many application domains were presented during the last decades, not
all algorithms can be analyzed fully theoretically. Experimentation is necessary. The analysis of algorithms should follow
the same principles and standards of other empirical sciences. This article focuses on stochastic search algorithms, such
as evolutionary algorithms or particle swarm optimization. Stochastic search algorithms tackle hard real-world optimization
problems, e.g., problems from chemical engineering, airfoil optimization, or bio-informatics, where classical methods from
mathematical optimization fail. Nowadays statistical tools that are able to cope with problems like small sample sizes, non-normal
distributions, noisy results, etc. are developed for the analysis of algorithms. Although there are adequate tools to discuss
the statistical significance of experimental data, statistical significance is not scientifically meaningful per se. It is
necessary to bridge the gap between the statistical significance of an experimental result and its scientific meaning. We
will propose some ideas on how to accomplish this task based on Mayo’s learning model (NPT*). 相似文献
183.
The present study examined relations among maternal psychological resources, rejecting parenting, and early adolescent antisocial
behavior in a sample of 231 low-income mothers and their sons with longitudinal assessments from age 18 months to 12 years.
The maternal resources examined were age at first birth, aggressive personality, and empathy. Each of the maternal resources
predicted rejecting parenting during early childhood in structural equation models that controlled for toddler difficult temperament,
and rejecting parenting in early childhood predicted antisocial behavior in early adolescence. Rejecting parenting accounted
for the indirect effect of each of the maternal resources on antisocial behavior, but a direct effect was also supported between
maternal aggressive personality and youth antisocial behavior. Results highlight the importance of these relatively understudied
maternal resources and have implications for prevention and intervention programs that focus on parenting during early childhood. 相似文献
184.
在1973年的"致列泽克·科拉克夫斯基的公开信"中,汤普森通过给科拉克夫斯基这个受到第二代英国新左派热捧、然而在他看来已经出现背叛迹象的东欧马克思主义者写公开信,向第二代英国新左派阐发了他对在英国如何才能成为一个真正的马克思主义者这个重大问题的基本理解. 相似文献
185.
山东省某县农民参加新农合意愿及受益公平分析 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
通过调查农民参加新型农村合作医疗(新农合)意愿选择及受益程度,对影响参合因素及政府补助分配的公平性进行研究,认为:影响参合因素主要有家庭收入、家庭医疗支出、补偿比例等;从受益角度看,总补助的集中指数是负值,不同人群的受益趋于公平。从不同服务看,住院的公平程度好于门诊。 相似文献
186.
Petra T. Bürgelt Mandy Morgan Regina Pernice 《Journal of community & applied social psychology》2008,18(4):282-298
Changes in migrants' backgrounds and societies sending and receiving migrants might increase adaptation issues and reduce retention. To enhance migrants' well‐being/health and their likelihood of staying it is necessary to gain an understanding of psychological and social factors that contribute to resilience and adaptation. This paper presents findings from a qualitative study that investigated the experiences, interpretations and actions of German migrant couples to New Zealand throughout the whole migration process to identify these factors. In depth, episodic interviews were conducted with four couples who decided to stay in New Zealand and four couples who decided to return to Germany. Interview data were complemented with participant observation. This paper provides insights into how the pre‐migration experiences, interpretations and actions of German migrants to New Zealand influenced their establishment, their interpretations and actions and consequently adaptation, well‐being/health and the decision whether to stay in New Zealand or to return to Germany. The findings illuminate the influence of psychological and social factors on migration experiences, interpretations and actions throughout the migration process. The paper offers some solutions for addressing the identified barriers to successful migration and integration into host societies. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
187.
This paper presents an analysis of everyday understandings of the law, within the context of a dispute between colonial and indigenous land interests in New Zealand. The analysis is informed by developments in the areas of critical legal studies, methodological critique of legal psychology, the social constructionist movement within social psychology, and the application of discursive psychology to understandings of racism. Data for this work was drawn from a corpus of letters to the editor of a newspaper, published in the city where the land dispute took place. Writers constructed the dispute as a legal issue and deployed two divergent constructions of the law. When the ‘primacy’ of the law was invoked, indigenous interests and the protesters were positioned as lawbreakers. When ‘the law in context’ was the resource used, protesters became positioned as seekers of justice. These variable constructions are discussed in terms of the social practices they engender and their wider contribution to debates regarding indigenous and colonial interests. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
188.
Donald Capps 《Pastoral Psychology》2008,56(3):295-320
Rumors that William James was a patient at McLean Asylum near Boston have persisted for several decades. I focus on the reasons why the question has been so difficult to answer in any definitive way; assess the evidence presented in support of the rumors; note that two different periods in James’s life (late twenties and early sixties) have been judged the most likely; and explore the diagnostic question as well: If he was in fact a patient, for what was he being treated? I also discuss evidence that his younger brother Robertson was a patient at McLean and consider the bearing of this evidence on the question of whether William James was a patient at McLean and on the diagnostic issue. 相似文献
189.
New Caledonian crows are the most proficient non-hominin tool manufacturers but the cognition behind their remarkable skills
remains largely unknown. Here we investigate if they attend to the functional properties of the tools that they routinely
use in the wild. Pandanus tools have natural barbs along one edge that enable them to function as hooking implements when
the barbs face backwards from the working tip. In experiment 1 we presented eight crows with either a non-functional (‘upside-down’)
or a functional pandanus tool in a baited hole. Four of the crows never flipped the tools. The behaviour of the four flipping
birds suggested that they had a strategy of flipping a tool when it was not working. Observations of two of the eight crows
picking up pandanus tools at feeding tables in the wild supported the lack of attention to barb direction. In experiment 2
we gave six of the eight crows a choice of either a barbed or a barbless pandanus tool. Five of the crows chose tools at random,
which further supported the findings in experiment 1 that the crows paid little or no attention to the barbs. In contrast,
a third experiment found that seven out of eight crows flipped non-functional stick tools significantly more than functional
ones. Our findings indicate that the crows do not consistently attend to the presence or orientation of barbs on pandanus
tools. Successful pandanus tool use in the wild seems to rely on behavioural strategies formed through associative learning,
including procedural knowledge about the sequence of operations required to make a successful pandanus tool.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
190.
Alex J. Bishop 《Pastoral Psychology》2006,55(2):131-143
The purpose of this study was to explore age and gender differences in the adaptation and well-being of older adults residing in Catholic monasteries. Participants included 235 members, age 64 and older, from the Order of St. Benedict. 2 (Age) × 2 (Gender) analyses of variance were computed to determine significant differences. Young-old persons reported greater friendship, coping behaviors, and personal growth, however, old-old individuals reported greater engagement in religious coping and greater depression. In addition, women reported greater coping behaviors, life satisfaction, and personal growth, but men reported greater depression. The results have implications on how pastoral care providers and counselors can improve quality of life among older adults living in contemplative religious settings. 相似文献