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141.
Learning to control brain activity: a review of the production and control of EEG components for driving brain-computer interface (BCI) systems 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Brain-computer interface (BCI) technology relies on the ability of individuals to voluntarily and reliably produce changes in their electroencephalographic (EEG) activity. The present paper reviews research on cognitive tasks and other methods of generating and controlling specific changes in EEG activity that can be used to drive BCI systems. To date, motor imagery has been the most commonly used task. This paper explores the possibility that other cognitive tasks, including those used in imaging studies, may prove to be more effective. Other factors which influence performance are also considered in relation to selection of tasks, as well as training of subjects. 相似文献
142.
Louis Marin 《Argumentation》1990,4(1):69-84
Beginning from a definition of philosophical discourse which states the necessity of rhetoric meant as the whole of the linguistic devices aiming to persuade the interlocutor of truth and justice, the author points out that Pascal's text would be an outstanding example of such a discourse, while showing, nevertheless, the specificity of the rhetoric he employs. Such a specificity would aim to carry out a complex logic of the secret, concerning chiefly the ackowledgement and identification procedures of the subject of the discourse-enunciation, and its pronominal and nominal markers.The author studies this logic on one hand by starting from the pragmatic patterns developed by the linguistics of enunciation, and on the other taking into account the philosophical, ethical and religious themes of the Jansenist thought in the XVIIth century. The distinction between concealment and secret leads the author to set up the forms of political rhetoric against the actual Pascalian aspects of philosophical rhetoric. Such a logic of the secret, which is the projection of the hidden God teologema into the field of philosophical discourse, would enable us to position as absent the subject producing this discourse and thus to transform what he states into a discourse of truth and justice. The very careful examination of the anonymity strategies and mostly of the writing tactics concerning the author's real name (anagram) would seem to confirm this conception of the rhetoric of Pascal's philosophical discourse. 相似文献
143.
Ann Vander Stoep 《Journal of child and family studies》1999,8(3):305-318
Measuring a program's success in enabling a child to improve functioning at home, school, and the community requires careful tracking of children's progress during the intervention and after it is completed. Attrition is often a major problem in carrying out longitudinal research. I present a number of strategies for maintaining high rates of response in follow-up studies, including how to choose a study design that enhances participation, how to locate study participants, how to engage study participants, and how to select and train high quality interviewers. The strategies presented have been used with success by a children's mental health agency and may be helpful to other researchers as they evaluate programs, measure outcomes, and study the life course of children with mental illness. 相似文献
144.
“Some more” notes,toward a “third” sophistic 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Victor J. Vitanza 《Argumentation》1991,5(2):117-139
Historians of rhetoric refer to two Sophistics, one in the 5th century B.C. and another c. 2nd century A.D. Besides these two, there is a 3rd Sophistic, but it is not necessarily sequential. (The 3rd is counter to counting sequentially.) Whereas the representative Sophists of the 1st Sophistic is Protagoras, and the second, Aeschines, the representative sophists of the 3rd are Gorgias (as proto-Third) and Friedrich Nietzsche, Jean-François Lyotard, Michel Foucault, Jacques Lacan, and Paul de Man.To distinguish between and among Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, and then Protagoras, Gorgias, and Lacan, the author determines how far each of these personages can count. The model of counting, used semiotically across the topoi of possible/impossible, is that of the people of New Guinea: one thing, two things, many things. It is determined (generally) that the philosophers, including Aristotle, count to one; the Sophists to two; and Gorgias, Lacan, and Lyotard, et al. count to many things, thereby breaking up a monism or binarism. The ancient philosophers employ a substratum of probability to hold together the contraries of possible/impossible; the Sophists employ anti/logic, which keeps the contraries/antitheses separate and therefore without synthesis, but which eventually threatens the integrity of the substratum, or the law of non-contradiction; and Gorgias, Lacan, Lyotard et al. theorize about the impossibility/Resistance of the Logos (reason, logic, law, argumentation, history) to Theory/Totalization, because of the Gorgian Kairos and the Lacanian Real — both of which enter the Logos and break up the cycle of the antitheses and create something new, irrational (Untersteiner).This breaking up has a negative/positive influence on Protagoras's man-measure doctrine, which in turn has a similar influence on the problem of the ethical subject. The subject/agent not only no longer knows (by way of Logos) but also no longer acts (as independent agent); the subject becomes a function of Logos as determined by Kairos/Real; it moves from a hypotaxis/syntaxis of one and two to a radical parataxis/paralogy of some more.From the Impossibility/tragedy of knowledge, however, comes the Possible, or Possibilisms, which allows for the new (though divided) ethical subject to reclaim its position as individual. Such a reclamation of the subject, however, has a profound effect on argumentation, and especially the notion of consensus. What is wanted, then, in a Third Sophistic ethical — as opposed to a political — rhetoric is dissensus through radical parataxes and paralogies. 相似文献
145.
Warmup in free-operant avoidance as a function of the response-shock = shock-shock interval 下载免费PDF全文
Hineline PN 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》1978,30(3):281-291
Warmup effects, the repeated within-session transitions from ineffective to effective avoidance, were examined with rats on free-operant shock-delay procedures. The shock-shock and response-shock intervals were kept equal as they were varied. As measured by both response rates and shock rates, the magnitude of within-session change in performance was inversely related to the size of the manipulated intervals. The duration of warmup tended to decrease as the intervals were increased. This finding, that increased shock frequencies do not shorten the warmup, appears to be inconsistent with all interpretations of the warmup that have been offered to date. Late-session performances replicated general features of prior experiments, but differed with respect to details of secondary conclusions in previous reports. These differences may stem from the selection of especially proficient avoiders for previous experiments. 相似文献
146.
Jay Lombard 《Synthese》2008,162(3):439-450
Daniel Kolak’s theory of synchronic consciousness according to which the entire range of dissociative phenomena, from pathologies
such as MPD and schizophrenia to normal dream states, are best explained in terms of consciousness becoming simultaneously
identified as many selves, has revolutionary therapeutic implications for neurology and psychiatry. All these selves, according
to Kolak—even the purely imaginary ones that exist as such only in our dreams—are not just conscious but also self-conscious,
with beliefs, intentions, living lives informed by memories (confabulatory, in the case of the fictional ones) and personal
histories. Kolak’s derivation of psychiatrically relevant aspects of his theory—a neurological rendition of a Kantian transcendental
argument—can be given a straightforward neurological, and therefore open to scientific scrutiny, interpretation that would
then more easily lend itself to the clinical setting in which these perplexing phenomena, along with their purveyors, must
live and cope. This will be the main focus of this paper. 相似文献
147.
Lü Chunshan 《Frontiers of Philosophy in China》2012,7(4):662
In his new book Being and Substance: A Study of Aristotle’s Metaphysics Z1–9, Nie Minli, taking a holistic perspective, argues that the primary substance—that is, the individual in Categories—is identical to form, which is the primary substance in Metaphysics Z, and that Z3 has finished arguing what the real candidate of substance is and the inserted Z7–9 texts are the “core and key” of the entire book. In spite of his excellent scholarship and masterful interpretation of Metaphysics Z4–6, Z7, Categories 1–5 and Physics Α, Nie offers insufficient textual support for his interpretation of the primary substance in Metaphysics Z and the content of Z3. Although substance is the subject (hypokeimenon) and a “this” (tode ti) in Categories, it is the ultimate subject (hypokeimenon eschaton) and a “this” (tode ti) and separable (choriston) in Metaphysics. As the ultimate subject, substance is form and matter but not the individual. As a “this” (tode ti) and separable (choriston), substance is form; moreover, the primary substance is form. In my view, that form is substance in Z3 serves more as a plan or outline needed to prove in the following than as a definite conclusion. This article also points out that tode ti in Z8, 1033b21 refers to the individual but not the form. Homōnuma in Z9 cannot be understood as “sharing the same name but with different meaning,” but, rather, simply as “having the same name.” 相似文献
148.
Mark R. Dixon James W. Jackson Stacey L. Small Mollie J. Horner‐King Nicholas Mui Ker Lik Yors Garcia Rocio Rosales 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2009,42(2):277-293
Over 10 years have passed since the publication of Carr and Burkholder's (1998) technical article on how to construct single‐subject graphs using Microsoft Excel. Over the course of the past decade, the Excel program has undergone a series of revisions that make the Carr and Burkholder paper somewhat difficult to follow with newer versions. The present article provides task analyses for constructing various types of commonly used single‐subject design graphs in Microsoft Excel 2007. The task analyses were evaluated using a between‐subjects design that compared the graphing skills of 22 behavior‐analytic graduate students using Excel 2007 and either the Carr and Burkholder or newly developed task analyses. Results indicate that the new task analyses yielded more accurate and faster graph construction than the Carr and Burkholder instructions. 相似文献
149.
150.