转基因食品与人类健康初探

随着转基因食品不断地进入市场,学者和公众对转基因食品是否危害人类健康展开了激烈的争论。介绍转基因食品安全性评价的科学指标,运用伦理学的基本原则对两种观点进行了分析,并提出对转基因食品采取“有罪推定”的战略。     

Safety on the Playground: Mechanisms Through Which Adult Supervision Might Prevent Child Playground Injury

Over 200,000 American children visit the emergency room annually after a playground injury. Among the most promising means to reduce playground injuries is through increased quantity and quality of playground supervision by adults. To implement empirically supported playground supervision interventions, it is essential to understand how supervision prevents injuries. Recent research suggests supervision likely prevents injuries through several different mechanisms; this paper discusses six: (a) Supervisors repetitively teach children playground rules; (b) supervisors recognize and stop children's dangerous behavior; (c) supervisors prevent children from behaving impulsively; (d) the presence of a supervisor causes children to behave differently; (e) supervisors change children's attribution of risk; and (f) supervisors have influence as modelers and persuaders of safe behavior. Theoretical implications for future work and applied implications for the development of playground safety interventions are discussed.     

影响大学生人际关系主观因素的初步研究

用自编的大学生人际关系主观因素问卷对800名1-4年级本科生进行调查。结果表明,影响大学生人际关系的主观因素涉及人际安全、人际疑虑、人际张力和人际报复;大学生的人际安全因子得分为3.86,人际张力、人际疑虑和人际报复因子得分和总均分在1.8-2.6之间;人际张力、人际疑虑、人际报复因子存在显著的年级差异(p<0.01);男生在人际报复因子上的得分明显高于女生;理科生的人际张力、人际报复和主观因素总均分显著高于文科生,人际安全因子得分显著低于文科生。表明大学生的人际安全感较强,人际交往和相处中的负性体验较弱,但存在年级、性别、专业等方面的差异。     

从中药的安全性谈中药产业的危机管理

药物的安全性是药物评价的首要标准。《欧盟传统药品法案》对中药的技术壁垒和我国对某些中药的毒副作用的披露,使得中药的安全性问题日益突出,使得中药产业面临前所未有的危机。对中药安全性的理性认识是扩大其国内市场占有率、走向国际市场所必须突破的瓶颈,也是中药产业危机管理的必由通道。这是一场深刻的文化革命。     

Community Influences on Adjustment in First Grade: An Examination of an Integrated Process Model

We examined the impact of neighborhood characteristics both directly and indirectly as mediated by parent coaching and the parent/child affective relationship on behavioral and school adjustment in a sample of urban dwelling first graders. We used structural equations modeling to assess model fit and estimate direct, indirect, and total effects of neighborhood structural and social characteristics on parenting behavior and child outcomes. Observed physical incivilities in the neighborhood were associated with lower levels of parent eliciting behavior and higher levels of child behavior problems. The effects of neighborhood structural characteristics were mediated partially through neighborhood community involvement with children, which had a direct significant impact on parent eliciting behavior and an indirect effect on child behavior problems. Neighborhood community involvement with children was associated with higher levels of parent eliciting behavior and lower levels of child behavior problems. Observed physical incivilities had a significant indirect association with poor school adjustment and a marginally significant association with positive school adjustment to first grade. Neighborhood community involvement with children was more strongly associated with positive school adjustment than poor school adjustment.     

INCREASING SEAT BELT USE ON A COLLEGE CAMPUS: AN EVALUATION OF TWO PROMPTING PROCEDURES

Seat belt use is an important factor in the prevention of automobile accidents involving injuries and fatalities. The current study used a multielement design to compare the “Click It or Ticket” and “Please Buckle Up—I Care” procedures. Results indicate that the Click It or Ticket prompt resulted in a 20‐percentage‐point increase in seat belt use, and Please Buckle Up—I Care resulted in a 14‐percentage‐point increase.     

PREVENTING BACK INJURIES IN HOSPITAL SETTINGS: THE EFFECTS OF VIDEO MODELING ON SAFE PATIENT LIFTING BY NURSES

This study evaluated video scoring and feedback about scoring as a safety intervention among 6 nursing staff. The dependent variable was safety behavior on one‐person transfers. Following baseline, 5 nursing staff participated in an information phase. A video scoring phase was then introduced for all 6. A feedback phase was added for 2 participants. All participants experienced treatment withdrawal. Information resulted in improvements for all 5 participants who received it. Further improvements were observed during video scoring for the 5 participants who improved following information. No improvements were observed for the participant who received only video scoring. Safety feedback further improved safety for the 2 participants who received it. However, participants' behavior returned to video scoring levels during withdrawal.     

Sex Differences in the Effects of Neighborhood Socioeconomic Disadvantage and Social Organization on Rural Adolescents’ Aggression Trajectories

We determined whether effects of neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage on trajectories of aggression were moderated or mediated by neighborhood social organization and examined sex differences in neighborhood effects for rural adolescents. We used five waves of survey data collected over 2.5 years linked with neighborhood data from interviews with parents and the US Census. The sample (N = 5,118) was 50.1% female, 52.0% white and 38.3% African–American; average age at baseline was 13.1 years. Multilevel growth curve models for both girls and boys showed no significant interactions between neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage and indicators of social organization. Neither sample showed evidence of mediated effects. In main effects models, neighborhood disadvantage was associated with the average aggression trajectory for girls. For boys, the effects of neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage and social disorganization appeared to be confounded with each other. Neighborhood disadvantage is detrimental for rural girls regardless of the level of social organization.     

Student interracial interactions and perceptions of school as a community

Communally organized, as opposed to bureaucratically organized, schools are expected to provide significant advantages to students in terms of their cognitive and social growth. However, for students to avail themselves of these benefits, they need to experience school as a community. One factor that may influence whether students view their school as a functional community is the kind of teacher–student and peer interactions they observe or personally experience. This study examines the effects of positive and negative interracial interactions on whether students sense that their school is a community. Analysis of a large sample of elementary and secondary schools in a major urban school district show that positive interracial interactions contribute to students’ sense of school community while negative actions inhibit that sense.

团队决策及其影响因素

随着组织结构的变化,团队决策为越来越多的组织所采用。该文将团队决策的研究范式概括为以下四类：社会决策图式（social decision scheme, SDS）、信息取样模型（information sampling model）、项目排序任务（ranking item task）团队以及组织中以安全优先的团队（safety priority team）;并从影响团队决策的因素,提高团队决策质量的策略等角度分别对四类团队决策的研究进行探讨,在此基础上本文对未来研究进行了展望