Following the study by Rapoport and Budescu (1992), two experiments are reported whose main purpose is to compare the generation of random sequences in one- and two-person games. The first experiment addresses the generation of trinary series in two-person zerosum games with asymmetric players. The second examines the generation of binary series using a between-subjects design, and compares the cognitive processes operating in one- and two-person games. Although both types of games result in similar deviations from randomness, they seem to induce qualitatively different cognitive processes. 相似文献
The present study examined perfectionism and general coping ability as assessed by a new measure of constructive thinking.
A sample of 77 students completed the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS) and the Constructive Thinking Inventory (CTI).
The MPS provides measures of selforiented, other-oriented, and socially prescribed perfectionism, while the CTI provides various
measures, including summary scores of global constructive thinking, emotional coping, behavioral coping, categorical thinking,
personal superstitious thinking, naive optimism, and esoteric thinking. Subjects also completed a measure of depressive symptoms
so that we could examine perfectionism and coping independent of current levels of adjustment. The main finding was that socially
prescribed perfectionism was associated with less constructive thinking and more negative coping across most of the CTI subscales,
and these associations remained significant after removing variance due to levels of depression symptoms. Self-oriented perfectionism
was adaptive in that it was associated with active forms of behavioral coping, but it was maladaptive in that it was associated
with a form of emotional coping involving reduced self-acceptance. The results are discussed in terms of their implications
for the cognitive treatment of perfectionists.
Queen's University
This research was supported by grant #410-91-0856 from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada awarded
to the authors 相似文献
This study investigated state anger and individual differences in negative reciprocity orientation as predictors of individuals' willingness to cooperate with strangers. In order to observe real behaviour, we used a trust game that was played over six periods. In the trust game, a first player (sender) determines how much of a certain endowment she/he wants to share with a second player (trustee), who then can give something back. We varied whether participants received feedback [feedback (yes, no)] about the trustee's behavioural decision (amount sent back). Supporting our hypotheses, the results suggest that feedback compared with no feedback about the trustee's behaviour increased anger. Specifically, information about low back transfers triggered anger and non‐cooperation in return. Importantly, participants with a strong negative reciprocity orientation reported higher levels of anger and were less willing to cooperate with the trustee compared with those with low negative reciprocity orientation. Moreover, even when anger was low, individuals with a strong negative reciprocity orientation were less willing to cooperate compared with those with a low negative reciprocity orientation. Thus, negative reciprocity orientation seems to arouse a spiral of distrust. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed. 相似文献
Intra-individual variability (IIV) and psychological flexibility (PF) in affect both describe affective change over time (i.e., within-person variability). However, IIV and PF might differ from each other and predict different psychological and physical health outcomes. A large sample of adults (n = 793) completed two assessments of daily stress, daily affect, and health over a 10-year interval in The National Study of Daily Experiences (an 8-day daily diary portion of the Midlife Development in the United States study). IIV and PF in affect were modestly reliable within and between assessments. IIV, operationalized as total variability, predicted worse psychological and physical health concurrently and prospectively. PF, operationalized as changes in dimensionality, predicted better psychological and physical health concurrently and prospectively. Other operationalizations of PF were not consistently related to health. Within-person variability in affect could therefore be adaptive or maladaptive depending on how it was defined. 相似文献
Assessments of global life satisfaction capture beliefs about overall well-being; state satisfaction assessments focus on short-term or “in-the-moment” appraisals of current life circumstances. Prior research has examined how trait measures of life satisfaction and affect are related at between-person and within-person levels of analysis. At the state level, however, a lack of clarity exists about the nature and magnitude of the association between satisfaction and affect. In a diary study involving assessments of both affect and satisfaction at the daily level (N = 350 with 6024 assessments), we found a consequential effect of affect on state satisfaction due to greater within-person variance over time. 相似文献
Objective: Established risk factors for jet lag are mostly physiological including circadian preference, age, gender, the number of flight zones crossed and to some extent direction of travel. Some research has also highlighted a role for psychosocial factors including sleep, diet and ‘circadian’ health behaviours and illness cognitions although this remains relatively untested. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of sleep, diet and illness cognitions in predicting perceived jet lag amongst long-haul crew.
Design: Sixty long-haul crew took part in a longitudinal study. Profile characteristics (including chronotype), preparation strategies (sleep, eating and ‘circadian’ behaviours) and illness cognitions were measured at baseline (before a trip).
Main outcome measures: Subjective jet lag (unidimensional and multidimensional) was measured on the crews’ second day off (post-trip).
Results: Hierarchical regression analyses showed that unidimensional jet lag was predicted by the belief in a cyclical timeline, whereas multidimensional jet lag was predicted by multidimensional jet lag at baseline and to a lesser extent by identity. No role was found for profile characteristics and preparation strategies.
Conclusion: Illness cognitions partly explain the experience of perceived jet lag in long-haul cabin crew indicating that jet lag is in part a psycho-social construct, not just a biological one. 相似文献
Depression is a common, potentially devastating comorbidity in youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders (ADHD).
Various environmental adversities are well-described as correlates of depression in general pediatric populations, but not
in youth with ADHD. In 104 adolescents with ADHD, we examined potential environmental correlates of lifetime depression, including
trauma exposure, recent negative life events and current parent-child conflict, along with current and past ADHD severity
and current impairment. Controlling for demographic variables, comorbid disorders, and ADHD severity, we noted significant
associations between lifetime depression and environmental adversities, including victimization trauma, parent-child conflict,
and behaviorally-independent negative life events. Current impairment but not ADHD severity was also highly associated with
lifetime depression, controlling for the same covariates. Findings from this preliminary, cross-sectional study suggest that
environmental adversities and impairment in youth with ADHD should also be targeted along with the ADHD when contemplating
strategies to treat or prevent comorbid depression. 相似文献