Circumstances of Death and Complicated Grief: Indirect Associations Through Meaning Made of Loss

Losses by violent means and the loss of primary attachment figures may increase the likelihood of developing a chronic and severe grief response (referred to as complicated grief, or CG). Path analysis was used to examine the relationships between these risk factors and CG symptoms. College student participants filled out online questionnaires relating to their bereavement. Analyses provided support for statistical models whereby meaning made of the loss fully mediated the association between cause of death and CG symptoms and partially mediated the association between relationship to the deceased and CG symptoms. Although based on cross-sectional data, these findings provide additional support for meaning-oriented understandings of adaptation to loss.     

抗生素过度使用的成因与对策

抗生素过度使用是一个全球性的医学、社会和公共卫生问题,成因复杂,包括医学本身的局限、缺欠,医生的水平和素质,患者和公众的态度,医疗机构和社会的问题等,从根本上解决这个问题,是一项涉及全社会的、从医学、法律、等诸多方面共同协作努力的系统工程,任重而道远。     

Probabilistic Cause and the Thirsty Traveler

In this paper I start by briefly presenting an analysis of token cause and of token causal relevance that I developed elsewhere, and then apply it to the famous thirsty traveler riddle. One general outcome of the analysis of causal relevance employed here is that in preemption cases (early or late) the preempted cause is not a cause since it is causally irrelevant to the effect. I consider several variations of the thirsty traveler riddle. In the first variation the first enemy emptied the canteen and the second enemy threw it away. On this variation, the act of neither enemy comes out, on the analysis employed here, as causally relevant to, and thus not as a cause of, the fact that the traveler died, but the conjunction of the two acts is a cause of it. This version is a case of mutual preemption. I argue that it has the same structure as the voting paradox, which thus has an analogous solution. In the standard version, in which the first enemy added poison to the water in the traveler's canteen, the act of the second enemy (who threw the canteen away) comes out, on the analysis used here, as causally relevant to and as a cause of the fact that the traveler died, but the act of the first enemy comes out as neither. I also make a comparison with Lewis' accounts, and discuss alternative treatments of the puzzle such as those of Hart and Honore and of Gavison, Margalit, and Ullmann-Margalit.     

再论门静脉高压症的治疗观

门静脉高压症的治疗主要是断流术和分流术,就此笔者于１７年前在本刊发表过文章进行论述。１７年后,此病的治疗观出现以下进展和变化：１,对立和统一：这两种手术联合施行可产生优势互补,代偿充分者更适合做分流术,否则以断流术为宜,这是观念上的突破;２,有创和微创：微创概念和技术的出现,使治疗手段多样化和观念更新,医生有了更多的选择;３,治标和治本：肝移植的临床一改门静脉高压的治标手段而向治本手段发展。     

国内外职业承诺研究述评

从职业与事业的区别入手,对国内外职业承诺的概念、常用的几种职业承诺量表、职业承诺形成过程以及相关模型、前因与后果变量等方面的已有研究进行回顾和分析。研究发现,职业承诺与一些重要的效果变量有比较显著的关系,如职业满意度、工作投入、工作绩效等。文章最后指出了目前存在的问题及今后努力研究的方向,如现有的职业承诺概念比较凌乱,测量工具虽然多数是参照国外的重新编制,但其适用范围比较狭窄,因此需要对职业承诺的概念进行重新整合,职业承诺量表也需要对其在信效度指标上进行深入探索     

What student psychotherapists want from an experiential group

A study of four thirty-week experiential groups, involving two group conductors and forty-one other group members showed that 90 per cent of students' expectations of change were exceeded, indicating increase in interpersonal learning and, over a longer period, emotional change. the culture of the groups was consistently positive and expressive. There was some evidence that conductors had a similar style which corresponded to that predicted by the group analytic method, and that both showed behaviours which were indicators of ‘good quality' therapy. There were substantial correlations between a positive culture and better than expectation outcome at the end of term one, and good psychodynamic practice by the conductors and outcome at the end of the course.     

THE METAPHYSICS OF DOWNWARD CAUSATION: REDISCOVERING THE FORMAL CAUSE

The methodological nonreductionism of contemporary biology opens an interesting discussion on the level of ontology and the philosophy of nature. The theory of emergence (EM), and downward causation (DC) in particular, bring a new set of arguments challenging not only methodological, but also ontological and causal reductionism. This argumentation provides a crucial philosophical foundation for the science/theology dialogue. However, a closer examination shows that proponents of EM do not present a unified and consistent definition of DC. Moreover, they find it difficult to prove that higher‐order properties can be causally significant without violating the causal laws that operate at lower physical levels. They also face the problem of circularity and incoherence in their explanation. In our article we show that these problems can be overcome only if DC is understood in terms of formal rather than physical (efficient) causality. This breakdown of causal monism in science opens a way to the retrieval of the fourfold Aristotelian notion of causality.     

血液透析患者体重和血流量与透析充分性的因果关系分析

通过测定维持性血液透析患者的体重和在线血流量、采用在线尿素清除率监测（on-line clearance monitoring,OCM）法测Kt／V值及单室尿素动力模型DaugirdasⅡ公式计算Kt／V值的两种方法,探讨患者体重和血流量与透析充分性之间的因果关系。结论为两种方法测得的血液透析患者的体重和血流量均与Kt...     

其它可能原因的呈现方式在因果判断中的作用

研究使用不同方式呈现了其它可能原因,研究了这种不同的呈现方式对被试使用共变信息和经验信息进行因果判断的影响。研究结果表明:(1)其它可能原因的呈现方式对于因果判断有着一定的影响。当这一信息在待判断原因与结果的共变中出现、且永远存在时,被试会排除这一其它可能原因的作用,从而增强判断的信心;(2)当其它可能原因出现于待判断原因与结果的共变中、且永远存在时,被试会在一定程度上忽视经验信息的作用,更多地依赖共变信息做出判断。     

治疗目标定位与临床决策

治病如用兵,治疗皮肤病亦一样。临床实践中,许多皮肤科医生忽略了皮肤病的病机治疗,导致了起效慢、疗效差、病程迁延的结果。皮肤病的治疗应包括病因治疗、病机治疗、症状治疗、支持辅助治疗,四者缺一不可、协同互补;应用中可根据疾病矛盾的转化,分清先后主次,灵活调整组合,即运筹帷幄,辨证施治,辨病、辨症、辨药、辨方,“以正合取奇胜”,以求取得最快、最好、最稳定持久的疗效。