高考数学试卷多维项目反应理论的分析及应用

高考数学学科试卷的试题综合性较强,一道试题通常考查多种能力属性,而基于单维性假设下的经典测量理论和传统的项目反应理论无法完成该种情形下试卷测量性能分析和考生作答表现分析.本文以MIRT理论为基础,使用CONQUEST软件为工具进行分析,可以获得试卷内部不同能力维度之间的相关以及考生不同维度的能力参数,为提升命题质量和改进教学提供了依据,表明MIRT具有很好的应用前景.由于MIRT理论的复杂性以至于目前分析软件的不足制约其进一步的深入应用,这是今后应该深入研究的问题.     

妊娠期急性脂肪肝诊治中的科学思维应用

现代科学思维方法中系统思维及模糊思维方法具有普遍适用意义。妊娠期急性脂肪肝临床上极为罕见,并发症多,病死率极高,1例并发腹部卒中的妊娠期急性脂肪肝患者通过科学诊疗转危为安,及时终止妊娠、对症处理、多学科协作联合治疗,积极预防并发症是确保救治成功的关键。本文尝试介绍科学思维方法在该病诊疗中的一些体会。     

《易经》“用”字试解

《易经》卦爻辞中"用"字句有两种句法格式,一是"用+名词或名词性词组",二是"用+动词或动词性词组"。从"用"字词义与词性的发展来看,有一个从具体义向抽象义,从实词向虚词转变的过程,而《易经》文本正是此一过程的过渡阶段。通过对《易经》"用"字含义和用法的分析,我们可以纠正对某些含"用"字卦爻辞的误解与误读。     

Is Semantic Processing During Sentence Reading Autonomous or Controlled? Evidence from the N400 Component in a Dual Task Paradigm

The present study contributes to the discussion on the automaticity of semantic processing. Whereas most previous research investigated semantic processing at word level, the present study addressed semantic processing during sentence reading. A dual task paradigm was combined with the recording of event-related brain potentials. Previous research at word level processing reported different patterns of interference with the N400 by additional tasks: attenuation of amplitude or delay of latency. In the present study, we presented Spanish sentences that were semantically correct or contained a semantic violation in a critical word. At different intervals preceding the critical word a tone was presented that required a high-priority choice response. At short intervals/high temporal overlap between the tasks mean amplitude of the N400 was reduced relative to long intervals/low temporal overlap, but there were no shifts of peak latency. We propose that processing at sentence level exerts a protective effect against the additional task. This is in accord with the attentional sensitization model (Kiefer & Martens, 2010), which suggests that semantic processing is an automatic process that can be enhanced by the currently activated task set. The present experimental sentences also induced a P600, which is taken as an index of integrative processing. Additional task effects are comparable to those in the N400 time window and are briefly discussed.     

考试评分缺失数据的概化理论分析

考试评分缺失数据较为常见,如何有效利用现有数据进行统计分析是个关键性问题。在考试评分中,题目与评分者对试卷得分的影响不容忽视。根据概化理论原理,按考试评分规则推导出含有缺失数据双侧面交叉设计（p×i×r）方差分量估计公式,用Matlab7.0软件模拟多组缺失数据,验证此公式的有效性。结果发现：（1）推导出的公式较为可靠,估计缺失数据的方差分量偏差相对较小,即便数据缺失率达到50％以上,公式仍能对方差分量进行较为准确地估计;（2）题目数量对概化理论缺失数据方差分量的估计影响最大,评分者次之,当题目和评价者数量分别为6和5时,公式能够趋于稳定地估计;（3）学生数量对各方差分量的估计影响较小,无论是小规模考试还是大规模考试,概化理论估计缺失数据的多个方差分量结果相差不大。     

故事情境下真实记忆与虚假记忆的活动差异

以故事情境为实验材料,采用学习再认实验范式,通过操纵再认靶词与故事情境的关联性考察了情境故事对关联虚假记忆和真实再认神经活动的影响。结果发现：在记忆再认的熟悉性加工和回想性加工阶段,虚假记忆与真实记忆所诱发FN400和LPC成分走向一致;在额叶后提取阶段,虚假再认所诱发的晚慢成分波幅大于真实再认。结果说明：情境性关联虚假记忆与真实记忆表现出相似的熟悉性和回想性加工,但在后期需耗费额外的加工资源进行成功的提取。     

The interplay between semantic and referential aspects of anaphoric noun phrase resolution: Evidence from ERPs

In this event-related brain potential (ERP) study, we examined how semantic and referential aspects of anaphoric noun phrase resolution interact during discourse comprehension. We used a full factorial design that crossed referential ambiguity with semantic incoherence. Ambiguous anaphors elicited a sustained negative shift (Nref effect), and incoherent anaphors elicited an N400 effect. Simultaneously ambiguous and incoherent anaphors elicited an ERP pattern resembling that of the incoherent anaphors. These results suggest that semantic incoherence can preclude readers from engaging in anaphoric inferencing. Furthermore, approximately half of our participants unexpectedly showed common late positive effects to the three types of problematic anaphors. We relate the latter finding to recent accounts of what the P600 might reflect, and to the role of individual differences therein.     

身体清洁启动后道德纯洁词加工的时间特征:来自ERPs的证据*

采用事件相关电位技术和语义启动范式,考察身体清洁刺激启动后对道德纯洁词加工的影响及其内在神经机制,探讨身体清洁信息与道德纯洁信息的认知加工特征。研究通过启动词(清洁词VS非清洁词)与目标词(道德纯洁词VS非词)四类刺激类型在N400波幅和潜伏期上有无差异来进行判断。结果发现,启动词(清洁词VS非清洁词)与目标词(道德纯洁词VS非词)四类刺激类型所诱发的N400成分差异显著,与非清洁词-道德纯洁词相比,清洁词-道德纯洁词所诱发了更小的N400波幅。结果表明:身体清洁词与道德纯洁词之间存在紧密的语义联结。身体清洁词启动后,个体更关注道德纯洁信息。     

音乐意义传递的神经证据——基于启动范式的发现与思考

使用语义启动(semantic priming)、概念启动(conceptual priming)、情感启动(affective priming)以及和声启动(harmonic priming)四种启动范式及其变式,认知神经科学的研究证实:音乐能够传递不同的意义,其主要的神经证据是两大脑电指标:对应于外在音乐意义(extra-musical meaning)的N400与对应于内在音乐意义(intra-musical meaning)的N5。对4种启动范式的分析发现:1)音乐以"语义"与"非语义"两种形式为媒介传递意义;2)启动范式的核心特征即是对基于"音乐知觉与图式"的"期望匹配与不匹配效应"的操作。与此同时,近期的研究表明N400与N5间的关系并非完全的"彼此独立",而是倾向于共存与共变,甚至是一个成分的两种表达。未来研究在进一步厘清音乐内、外在意义深层关联的同时,有必要将音乐意义传递的神经科学研究纳入到更为宏阔的时代、地域与社会性背景之中。     

鼻窦炎鼻内镜术后术腔置药疗效分析

为了缩短鼻内镜手术病程,防治并发症,以2006年1月至2009年1月大连市中心医院耳鼻咽喉科127例鼻内镜术后患者为样本,其中64例患者（对照组）行常规术后鼻腔清理,另63例患者（实验组）常规清理后,术腔放置浸入辅舒良鼻喷雾剂的明胶海绵小块。对两组患者术后施行同样频度、同样疗程术腔清理,观察术腔上皮化的时间进行对比。结...