Experiencing narrative worlds: A latent state–trait analysis

Transportation describes the degree to which individuals get absorbed in the fictional world of a story. Although conceived as a psychological state evoked by the processed narrative, it has also been associated with trait-like characteristics. An experimentally enhanced latent state–trait (LST) model was used to assess the degree to which transportation reflects (a) stable individual differences, and (b) systematic situational effects and/or person–situation interactions. After reading each of four stories 149 undergraduates rated their degree of being transported into the respective narratives. The contents of the stories were experimentally varied to (a) either facilitate or hinder transportation, and (b) present strong or weak arguments for the idea put forward in the stories. The LST analyses and experimental manipulations concordantly revealed that transportation captures pronounced situational effects related to the presented stories and to some degree also interindividual differences. In line with transportation theory, argument strength had no effect on the state component of transportation.     

The Relation of Career Adaptability to Work–Family Experience and Personal Growth Initiative Among Taiwanese Working Parents

This study aimed to explore the effect of career adaptability on 598 working parents in Taiwan. The results showed that career adaptability served an important role in moderating and mediating the effects between work–family conflict, work–family strength, and personal growth initiative.     

预期错误与急性应激对不同强度恐惧记忆提取消退的影响

在条件性恐惧记忆再巩固模型下, 预期错误被证明是引发记忆不稳定的必要条件, 但其在不同强度恐惧记忆下的作用尚不明确。对于高强度可能导致的提取无效, 缺乏相应的探索以寻找解决办法, 而应激(stress)在其中发挥的作用值得探索。本研究考察人类被试中, 预期错误在不同强度恐惧记忆下的作用, 以及提取之后施加外源性应激对于消退进程的影响。结果发现, 对于较弱的恐惧记忆, 单个预期错误提取后消退可显著抑制恐惧自发恢复; 而对于较强恐惧记忆, 单个预期错误不能提取恐惧记忆进入再巩固, 已消退的记忆还会复发; 且在该种情况下, 如果在提取后施加外源性急性应激, 会进一步增大恐惧恢复。     

FOK产生机制的重新检验

以中文低频字对为学习材料,采用被试内设计的方法对FOK产生机制,即靶项目强度、线索熟悉性以及两者之间联系强度对FOK的影响进行了重新检验。实验结果表明:单独的靶项目强度对FOK判断没有影响,而单独的线索熟悉性对FOK判断存在影响,线索与靶项目联结强度对FOK判断存在影响。线索熟悉性和联结强度对FOK的影响可能相互独立。     

Examining the generality of children's preference for contingent reinforcement via extension to different responses, reinforcers, and schedules

Studies that have assessed whether children prefer contingent reinforcement (CR) or noncontingent reinforcement (NCR) have shown that they prefer CR. Preference for CR has, however, been evaluated only under continuous reinforcement (CRF) schedules. The prevalence of intermittent reinforcement (INT) warrants an evaluation of whether preference for CR persists as the schedule of reinforcement is thinned. In the current study, we evaluated 2 children's preference for contingent versus noncontingent delivery of highly preferred edible items for academic task completion under CRF and INT schedules. Children (a) preferred CR to NCR under the CRF schedule, (b) continued to prefer CR as the schedule of reinforcement became intermittent, and (c) exhibited a shift in preference from CR to NCR as the schedule became increasingly thin. These findings extend the generality of and provide one set of limits to the preference for CR. Applied implications, variables controlling preferences, and future research are discussed.     

编码强度对字体大小效应的影响

本研究采用3个实验考察编码强度对字体大小效应的影响,探讨由于知觉特征而引发的元认知错觉的内在产生机制(实验1)与有效的矫正措施(实验2和实验3)。结果发现:(1)大字体词语的知觉流畅性显著优于小字体,并且贝叶斯多层中介分析结果表明,知觉流畅性对字体大小效应起部分中介作用(实验1);(2)随着编码强度的增加,由字体大小引起的学习判断错觉逐渐消失(实验2和实验3)。以上结果表明,刺激的知觉特征(字体大小)对个体学习判断的影响,随编码强度激活线索的增加而逐渐减弱。这一结果为真实教学情境中提高学习者的编码强度,进而削弱学习判断对知觉特征线索的依赖,并准确地监测自身的学习进程提供了科学依据。     

鉴定结论证据能力及证明力分析——以医疗事故鉴定结论为视角

在比较大陆法系鉴定结论与英美法系专家证言的证据能力和证明力的基础上,对我国的鉴定结论证明能力与证明力问题进行了分析论证。重点对医疗事故鉴定结论的证据能力与证明力进行了分析,结合我国实际提出了相关的立法完善建议。     

Defensive self-esteem impacts attention, attitude strength, and self-affirmation processes

Individuals with defensive self-esteem score low on implicit measures of self-esteem (ISE) and high on explicit measures of self-esteem (ESE). Although there is some evidence about the consequences of defensive self-esteem, much of it is indirect and open to alternative explanations. Here, we offer direct and novel evidence regarding the implications of defensive self-esteem. Using a standard visual attention paradigm, Study 1 revealed that defensive self-esteem is associated with enhanced attention to defensiveness-related words. Building upon these results, Study 2 found that defensive self-esteem individuals reported particularly strong attitudes, across different operationalizations of attitude strength as well as different attitude objects. Study 3 examined the sensitivity of defensive self-esteem individuals to self-affirmation effects. The results revealed that self-affirmation was particularly effective for defensive self-esteem individuals in reducing actual-ideal self-discrepancies. Overall, the results provide novel and firm evidence that the combination of simultaneously low ISE and high ESE elicits defensiveness.     

父母养育方式、性格优势对心理和谐的影响

在生态系统理论的基础上提出一个中介模型,探究大学生父母养育方式与心理和谐的关系,以及性格优势的中介作用.采用父母养育方式问卷、心理和谐问卷和性格优势问卷对384名在校大学生进行调查.结果显示:(1)积极养育方式、性格优势两者对心理和谐有显著正向预测作用,其中性格优势的预测贡献率约为积极养育方式的1.9倍;(2)性格优势在积极养育方式与心理和谐之间起到显著的部分中介作用,且中介效应占总效应的42.075％.