An Examination of the “Greening of Christianity” Thesis Among Americans, 1993–2010

Some environmental and religious scholars, religious leaders, and media figures have claimed there has been a “greening of Christianity” in the United States since the mid‐1990s. Such a trend would be socially significant, as the integration of Christian values and environmental values may invigorate both domains. Using nationally representative data from the 1993 and 2010 General Social Surveys, we analyze how green self‐identified Christians in the U.S. general public are in their pro‐environmental attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors. Using structural equation modeling, we find no clear evidence of a greening of Christianity among rank‐and‐file Christians in the general public between 1993 and 2010. Indeed, the patterns of our results are quite similar to those from earlier decades, which documented that self‐identified Christians reported lower levels of environmental concern than did non‐Christians and nonreligious individuals. We did find evidence of some greening among evangelical Protestants, especially relative to mainline Protestants, between 1993 and 2010. We close by suggesting a few fruitful avenues for further research in this area via variable‐oriented, case‐oriented, and experimental studies and discussing some theoretical implications of our findings.     

结构方程模型拟合评鉴：整体拟合、内部拟合与复核效度检验

该文主要介绍了评价和鉴定结构方程中构建的模型与数据拟合程度的三个方面：整体拟合、内部拟合及复核效度检验.整体拟合评鉴主要是结合拟合指数,当拟合指数处于临界值时,应同时参照其他检验结果并根据模型构建的理论依据进行综合判断;内部拟合从项目质量检验、测验信度、平均变异萃取量和效度四个角度进行检验;复核效度检验在多样本分析中可分为宽松复核、温和复核和严格复核,但如果为研究样本所限,可以通过ECVI来实现.     

Regulatory job stressors and their within-person relationships with ego depletion: The roles of state anxiety,self-control effort,and job autonomy

Our research aimed at disentangling the underlying processes of the adverse relationship between regulatory job stressors and ego depletion. Specifically, we analyzed whether state anxiety and self-control effort would mediate the within-person relationships of time pressure, planning and decision-making, and emotional dissonance with ego depletion. In addition, we also tested potential attenuating effects of situational job autonomy on the adverse effects of regulatory job stressors on state anxiety, self-control effort, and ego depletion. Based on an experience sampling design, we gathered a sample of 97 eldercare workers who provided data on 721 experience-sampling occasions. Multilevel moderated serial mediation analyses revealed that time pressure and emotional dissonance, but not planning and decision-making, exerted significant serial indirect effects on ego depletion via state anxiety and self-control effort. Finally, we found conditional serial indirect effects of all three regulatory job stressors on ego depletion as a function of job autonomy. Theoretical implications for scholarly understanding of coping with regulatory job stressors are discussed.     

The influence of the built environment on pedestrians’ perceptions of attractiveness,safety and security

Perceptions of the walking environment can encourage or discourage walking for transport. However, the influence of the built environment (BE) on pedestrians’ perceptions of the walking environment has not been fully understood. To address this gap, the present research investigates how BE characteristics of a suburban walking environment are associated with the perceptions of attractiveness (i.e., pleasantness, friendliness), safety, and security. Using a cross-sectional design, 995 participants reported their perceptions about the attractiveness, safety, and security of different suburban BE scenarios in Brisbane (Australia). Univariate and bivariate random effect ordered probit models were estimated to identify the associations between BE characteristics and perceived attractiveness, safety, and security whilst controlling for psychosocial factors. Results indicated that perceived attractiveness (i.e., pleasantness and friendliness) was higher for recreational areas than residential land use. Women perceived the walking environment as more pleasant with trees. The perception of safety was higher for recreational and vacant land compared to residential areas. Young pedestrians perceived that the likelihood of being assaulted/robbed/harassed at night was lower if they walked through an area with commercial and mixed land use. Women pedestrians perceived that the corresponding risk at night was higher in recreational areas. Overall, the findings suggest that urban design strategies such as increasing land use diversity and providing adequate trees enhance perceived environmental attractiveness, safety, and security, ultimately resulting in more walking for transport.     

关系类别及其学习机制

关系类别是指类别的成员身份由一个共同的关系结构决定。其意义来自于其与其他实体的关系或其内部的一系列成分间的关系,关系类别强调关系结构的系统性。文章重点介绍和评述了相似性种类,关系类别和实体类别的联系和差异,关系类别的学习过程及机制———结构—映射理论。未来的研究方向主要是探索新的研究范式,以深入理解关系类别的学习;深入探讨校准和映射过程与其他基本认知过程的相互作用,为关系类别的学习提供更一致的认知观点。     

抑郁绝望理论在我国儿童中适用性的追踪研究

摘 要 以抑郁的绝望理论和最弱联结假设为基础,采用纵向追踪研究设计,应用多层线性模型分析考察抑郁绝望理论在我国儿童中的适用情况。结果表明：1、应激事件水平能预测抑郁症状的程度,并且在较大年龄儿童中具有更强的预测性; 2、虽然研究结果的统计显著性不支持以最弱联结假设为认知依据的绝望理论,但在一定程度上还是反应了该理论的适用性;3、个体认知归因方式可能在儿童阶段开始形成并逐渐发展成熟。     

Modeling trait and state variation using multilevel factor analysis with PANAS daily diary data

This study used daily diary data to model trait and state Positive Affect (PA) and Negative Affect (NA) using the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS; Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988). Data were collected from 364 college students over five days. Intraclass correlation coefficients suggested approximately equal amounts of variability at the trait and state levels. Multilevel factor analysis revealed that the model specifying two correlated factors (PA, NA) and correlated uniqueness terms among redundant items provided the best fit. Trait and state PA and NA were generally associated with stress, anxiety, depression, and three types of self-esteem (performance, academic, social). The coefficients describing these relationships differed somewhat, suggesting that trait and state measurement may have different predictive utility.     

Predicting Presidential Performance in the United States: Equation Replication on Recent Survey Results

Abstract

For more than 2 decades, researchers have tried to identify the variables that predict the overall performance of U.S. presidents. In 1986, there emerged a 6-variable prediction equation (D. K. Simonton, 1986c, 1987b) that has been replicated repeatedly. The predictors are years in office, war years, scandal, assassination, heroism in war, and intellectual brilliance. The author again replicated the equation on recent rankings of all presidents from George Washington through William Jefferson Clinton according to a survey of 719 experts (W. R. Ridings, Jr., & S. B. Mclver, 1997). The original 6-variable equation successfully predicted both the overall rankings as well as the 5 core components of the rankings (leadership qualities, accomplishment, political skill, appointments, character and integrity). The predictive value of the equation was illustrated for the presidencies of Ronald W. Reagan, George H. W. Bush, and Clinton.     

Effect Partitioning in Cross-Sectionally Clustered Data Without Multilevel Models

Abstract

Effect partitioning is almost exclusively performed with multilevel models (MLMs) – so much so that some have considered the two to be synonymous. MLMs are able to provide estimates with desirable statistical properties when data come from a hierarchical structure; but the random effects included in MLMs are not always integral to the analysis. As a result, other methods with relaxed assumptions are viable options in many cases. Through empirical examples and simulations, we show how generalized estimating equations (GEEs) can be used to effectively partition effects without random effects. We show that more onerous steps of MLMs such as determining the number of random effects and the structure for their covariance can be bypassed with GEEs while still obtaining identical or near-identical results. Additionally, violations of distributional assumptions adversely affect estimates with MLMs but have no effect on GEEs because no such assumptions are made. This makes GEEs a flexible alternative to MLMs with minimal assumptions that may warrant consideration. Limitations of GEEs for partitioning effects are also discussed.