中医阴阳理论与辩证法矛盾论之比较

中医学理论是一门哲学与自然科学高度结合的理论,其核心理论阴阳理论直接来源于中国古代哲学的阴阳理论,其本质就是对立统一。但因学科原因,又有自己的特点。从中医阴阳理论的概念、内涵、理论的优势和局限性等方面对中医的阴阳理论与辨证法的矛盾理论作一表浅的比较,旨在找出其异同点。     

药物不良反应补偿体系国际比较研究

药品在治疗疾病过程中有着不可或缺的作用,但药品在使用过程中也往往容易发生药物不良反应,并造成患者很重的经济负担,很多国家都针对药品不良反应建立救济保险制度。从基金筹资、补偿制度、管理等角度对国际上几个国家的药物不良反应补偿体系进行分析,以期我们在建立自己相应的药物不良反应补偿体系时有所借鉴。     

论推类逻辑与中国古代医学

推类逻辑就是基于“推类”的中国古代逻辑。易数推类为中医科学提供了一个有效工具,提供了一个有效地认识自然、机体（肌体）、疾病的方法。取象比类是中医思维的核心,推类是中国古代医学辨证论治的基本方法。推类具有很强的具象性,并以比类为基础。     

Group norms and excessive absenteeism: The role of peer referent others

Drawing from social identity and social influence theory, we propose that the absence-related norms of an individual’s work-based referent others will have a significant effect on the likelihood of excessive absence behavior. We then develop and test a model of the social mechanisms potentially underlying the relationship between referent absence norms and the likelihood of excessive absence behavior. Our findings indicate that referent group norms significantly explain excessive absence behavior, even when taking into account the absence norms associated with the formal organizational units within which these referent groups are often nested. They also indicate that permissive referent group norms are likely to have a greater impact on the probability of target excessive absence when the target has a more conformist disposition. Finally, post-hoc findings suggest that the more negative targets’ perceptions of the consequences of absenteeism, the more attenuated the impact of permissive group norms on excessive absence behavior.     

生殖器疱疹研究现状及诊疗过程中的伦理问题

生殖器疱疹是单纯疱疹病毒感染生殖器部位皮肤黏膜所引起的炎症性疾病,是常见的性传播性疾病之一.近年来,随着其在人群中的流行率的不断增高,在国内已成为一个令人关注的公共卫生问题.本文就其病原学、流行状况、传播和潜在的危险性作一概述,并分析了在其诊疗过程中的伦理问题及相关的对策.     

Thin-Ideal Media and Women’s Body Dissatisfaction: Prevention using Downward Social Comparisons on Non-Appearance Dimensions

Exposure to thin-ideal media has adverse effects on the body satisfaction of women with higher levels of body image disturbance. In a study involving 109 UCLA female undergraduates, we examined the effectiveness of an intervention that was based on downward social comparison theory and the selection of alternative comparison dimensions. All participants had higher levels of body dissatisfaction and viewed pictures of fashion models; the intervention group compared downward with the models on non-appearance dimensions in writing, whereas the control group described the models in writing. We hypothesized that the intervention group would experience more positive shifts in body and weight satisfaction, anxiety about appearance, and desire to lose weight than would the control group. The results supported our hypotheses.     

不同学习压力觉知水平高中生家庭生态之比较

考察了170名高一学生的学习压力觉知水平,结果显示,经常感到学习压力、偶尔感到学习压力和未感到学习压力学生的比例分别为22．9％、53．6％和23．5％,不同学习压力觉知水平的人数差异极其显著。MANOVA分析发现,不同学习压力觉知水平的高中生在父母教养方式、家庭环境和学生人格等家庭生态群上总体差异显著;通过多重比较,揭示了不同学习压力觉知水平学生的家庭生态具瘁维度差异及其特点。文章从生态系统观点对中学生学习压力觉知差异进行了探讨,提出从生态重构角度对中学生进行学习减压。     

Self-schema and social comparison explanations of body dissatisfaction: a laboratory investigation

The current study was an investigation of the self-schema and social comparison theories of body dissatisfaction. The social comparison manipulation consisted of exposure to one of three levels of comparison figure: upward, downward, or no comparison. Two different imagery exercises served to prime either a participants’ appearance self-schema, or a non-appearance schema. Participants completed state measures of body image and mood at pre- and posttest. Results indicated no significant interaction between priming and social comparison and no significant main effect for priming. However, there was a significant effect of social comparison, such that those in the downward comparison condition showed an increase in body satisfaction and positive mood. Results are discussed in the context of self-schema theory and social comparison, and suggestions are given for future research that might further shed light on these theoretical approaches for understanding body dissatisfaction.     

Negative congruence effects in letter and pseudo-letter recognition: the role of similarity and response conflict

Letters and pseudo-letters were presented in three experiments using a sequential same-different task. While first items were always presented in isolation, the second item was either presented in isolation or surrounded by geometrical non-target shapes that could be congruent or incongruent to the target. In two experiments, a physical sameness criterion was used. In Experiment 1, in one condition, different pairs were always distinct in shape, in another they were similar in shape. Negative congruence effects were obtained for different pairs that are similar. In Experiment 2, this effect is replicated within participants. In this experiment, similar and dissimilar stimuli were mixed. The results were explained in terms of the difficulty of responding different to stimuli that are similar in shape: when the second item is surrounded by a congruent shape, the similarity is emphasized, making this response even more difficult. In Experiment 3, the same stimuli were presented using a categorical sameness criterion. This reduces the role of physical similarity and thus eliminates the response conflict. As a result, negative congruence effects were no longer observed. Taken together, the three experiments identify another source of negative congruence effects besides the ones recently reported in the literature.     

Numerical order and quantity processing in number comparison

We investigated processing of numerical order information and its relation to mechanisms of numerical quantity processing. In two experiments, performance on a quantity-comparison task (e.g. 2 5; which is larger?) was compared with performance on a relative-order judgment task (e.g. 2 5; ascending or descending order?). The comparison task consistently produced the standard distance effect (faster judgments for far relative to close number pairs), but the distance effect was smaller for ascending (e.g. 2 5) compared to descending pairs (e.g. 5 2). The order task produced a pair-order effect (faster judgments for ascending pairs) and a reverse distance effect for consecutive pairs in ascending order. The reverse effect implies an order-specific process, such as serial search or direct recognition of order for successive numbers. Thus, numerical quantity and order judgments recruited different cognitive mechanisms. Nonetheless, the reduced distance effect for ascending pairs in the quantity task implies involvement of order-related processes in magnitude comparison. Accordingly, distance effects in the quantity-comparison task are not necessarily a process-pure measure of magnitude representation.