全文获取类型
收费全文 | 2797篇 |
免费 | 370篇 |
国内免费 | 609篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 5篇 |
2023年 | 83篇 |
2022年 | 98篇 |
2021年 | 143篇 |
2020年 | 180篇 |
2019年 | 171篇 |
2018年 | 152篇 |
2017年 | 180篇 |
2016年 | 183篇 |
2015年 | 152篇 |
2014年 | 161篇 |
2013年 | 409篇 |
2012年 | 131篇 |
2011年 | 144篇 |
2010年 | 128篇 |
2009年 | 145篇 |
2008年 | 154篇 |
2007年 | 131篇 |
2006年 | 148篇 |
2005年 | 128篇 |
2004年 | 117篇 |
2003年 | 91篇 |
2002年 | 78篇 |
2001年 | 60篇 |
2000年 | 60篇 |
1999年 | 42篇 |
1998年 | 27篇 |
1997年 | 32篇 |
1996年 | 28篇 |
1995年 | 30篇 |
1994年 | 18篇 |
1993年 | 19篇 |
1992年 | 20篇 |
1991年 | 9篇 |
1990年 | 12篇 |
1989年 | 13篇 |
1988年 | 8篇 |
1987年 | 11篇 |
1986年 | 9篇 |
1985年 | 8篇 |
1984年 | 6篇 |
1983年 | 10篇 |
1982年 | 4篇 |
1981年 | 4篇 |
1980年 | 7篇 |
1979年 | 4篇 |
1978年 | 12篇 |
1977年 | 6篇 |
1976年 | 4篇 |
1975年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有3776条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
31.
分时距认知特点的研究 总被引:6,自引:1,他引:5
本研究探讨了分时距估计的认知特点,检验了SS模型、PT模型和CS模型的预测效度,结果表明:分时距估计主要是在信息提取阶段采用分段推算策略对时间信息进行重建的过程,变化/分割和注意分配对分时距估计有显著影响;SS模型的预测效度最低,PT、CS模型的预测效度较高。 相似文献
32.
小学儿童对习俗时间的周期性特点的认知 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
本研究探讨了小学儿童对习俗时间周期性特点的认知发展.实验任务是让被试判断两个给定日期之间的时间距离是正向接近还是反向接近。结果表明:儿童对习俗时间的周期性特点的认知成绩随年龄增长而不断提高;随着两个日期之间距离的增大,反应时不断增加,正确率不断降低,在两个日期相互接近的方向发生改变的边界处,反应时最长,正确率最低,表现出显著的“距离效应”和“边界效应”;儿童可以利用数字系统进行判断,他们的认知加工策略包括计数、数字运算和凭借习俗时间的空间表象进行模拟加工等等。 相似文献
33.
Gerard J. P. Van Breukelen 《Psychometrika》1997,62(4):525-544
This paper discusses two forms of separability of item and person parameters in the context of response time (RT) models. The first is separate sufficiency: the existence of sufficient statistics for the item (person) parameters that do not depend on the person (item) parameters. The second is ranking independence: the likelihood of the item (person) ranking with respect to RTs does not depend on the person (item) parameters. For each form a theorem stating sufficient conditions, is proved. The two forms of separability are shown to include several (special cases of) models from psychometric and biometric literature. Ranking independence imposes no restrictions on the general distribution form, but on its parametrization. An estimation procedure based upon ranks and pseudolikelihood theory is discussed, as well as the relation of ranking independence to the concept of double monotonicity.I am indebted to Wim van der Linden for bringing Thissen's (1983) paper to my notice, and to Martijn Berger, Frans Tan, and the anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments on earlier drafts of this paper. 相似文献
34.
Math J. J. M. Candel 《Psychometrika》1997,62(1):119-131
Arrangements of feature sets that have been proposed to represent qualitative and quantitative variation among objects are shown to generate identical sets of set-symmetric distances. The set-symmetric distances for these feature arrangements can be represented by path lengths in an additive linear tree. Imperfect versions of these feature arrangements are proposed, which also are indistinguishable by the set-symmetric distance model. The distances for the imperfect versions can be represented by path lengths in an additive imperfectly linear tree. When dissimilarities are defined by the more general contrast model and a constant may be added to proximity data, then for both the perfect and imperfect arrangements an additive tree analysis obtains a perfect fit with an imperfectly linear tree. However, in the case of the contrast model also the distinction between the perfect and imperfect arrangements disappears in that also for the perfect arrangements the resulting tree need no longer be linear.The author is grateful to Mathieu Koppen for detailed comments on an earlier version of this article. 相似文献
35.
运用规则空间模型识别解题中的认知错误 总被引:13,自引:1,他引:12
运用规则空间模型识别学生解题中的认知错误,该模型将认知心理学,项目反应理论和数据库的代数理论相结合,将被试的二值反应模式映射为笛卡尔乘积空间的一组序偶,然后计算被试和错误规则在该空间的代表性位置之间的马氏距离,并通过贝叶斯决策准则划分被试的错误类型,根据644名中学生对30个数学题目的反应,识别出其中86%的学生可以被划分人18种认知错误类型中。 相似文献
36.
Erling B. Andersen 《Psychometrika》1995,60(3):375-393
Residuals for check of model fit in the polytomous Rasch model are examined. Comparisons are made between using counts for all response pattern and using item totals for score groups for the construction of the residuals. Comparisons are also, for the residuals based on score group totals, made between using as basis the item totals, or using the estimated item parameters. The developed methods are illustrated by two examples, one from a psychiatric rating scale, one from a Danish Welfare Study. 相似文献
37.
Gerhard H. Fischer 《Psychometrika》1995,60(4):459-487
The paper addresses three neglected questions from IRT. In section 1, the properties of the “measurement” of ability or trait parameters and item difficulty parameters in the Rasch model are discussed. It is shown that the solution to this problem is rather complex and depends both on general assumptions about properties of the item response functions and on assumptions about the available item universe. Section 2 deals with the measurement of individual change or “modifiability” based on a Rasch test. A conditional likelihood approach is presented that yields (a) an ML estimator of modifiability for given item parameters, (b) allows one to test hypotheses about change by means of a Clopper-Pearson confidence interval for the modifiability parameter, or (c) to estimate modifiability jointly with the item parameters. Uniqueness results for all three methods are also presented. In section 3, the Mantel-Haenszel method for detecting DIF is discussed under a novel perspective: What is the most general framework within which the Mantel-Haenszel method correctly detects DIF of a studied item? The answer is that this is a 2PL model where, however, all discrimination parameters are known and the studied item has the same discrimination in both populations. Since these requirements would hardly be satisfied in practical applications, the case of constant discrimination parameters, that is, the Rasch model, is the only realistic framework. A simple Pearsonx 2 test for DIF of one studied item is proposed as an alternative to the Mantel-Haenszel test; moreover, this test is generalized to the case of two items simultaneously studied for DIF. 相似文献
38.
对幼儿从电视中伴随学习单词的可能性及其影响因素进行了初步的探讨。40名小班幼儿和46名大班幼儿参加了实验,他们在接近自然的状态下观看有字幕的动画片。结果发现:幼儿在无任何指导的情况下观看有字幕的动画片,能伴随学习到汉字,这表明,电视对幼儿的词汇发展有着积极的影响;不同性别的儿童都能同等程度地从电视中伴随学习到单词;词义的伴随学习受幼儿原有的词汇水平和幼儿对目标词熟悉程度的影响;词音的伴随学习只发生在词汇水平较高的幼儿当中,并且随着幼儿对目标词熟悉程度的增加而增加;词音和词义的伴随学习存在频度效应。 相似文献
39.
The partial credit model is considered under the assumption of a certain linear decomposition of the item × category parameters
ih into basic parameters
j. This model is referred to as the linear partial credit model. A conditional maximum likelihood algorithm for estimation of the
j is presented, based on (a) recurrences for the combinatorial functions involved, and (b) using a quasi-Newton approach, the so-called Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno (BFGS) method; (a) guarantees numerically stable results, (b) avoids the direct computation of the Hesse matrix, yet produces a sequence of certain positive definite matricesB
k
,k=1, 2, ..., converging to the asymptotic variance-covariance matrix of the
. The practicality of these numerical methods is demonstrated both by means of simulations and of an empirical application to the measurement of treatment effects in patients with psychosomatic disorders.The authors thank one anonymous reviewer for his constructive comments. Moreover, they thankfully acknowledge financial support by the Österreichische Nationalbank (Austrian National Bank) under Grant No. 3720. 相似文献
40.
为探讨线性逻辑斯谛模型(LLTM)的拟合条件及其和解题策略同质性之间的关系,让被试比较两个负整数指数幂的大小,发现全体被试的数据不能与拉希模型及LLTM相拟合。把被试按其解题策略分成不同策略组后,同一策略组被试的数据可以拟合于拉希模型,但对于LLTM,同一策略组的数据中部分项目的拟合较好,另外一些项目的拟合较差。这一结果表明,解题策略的同质性是LLTM拟合的必要条件,但还不是充分条件。 相似文献