视动刺激生理心理反应的实验研究

３０名男性军校学员。在两种指导语指导下,经受了一系列视动跃跃刺激（５、１０、１５、２０、３０、４０、６０、８０、１００、１２０度／秒）,每个刺激持续２０秒。用磁带机记录被试的视动性眼震信号,同时,记录被试视动性错觉出现的潜伏期和错觉量。视动性眼震信号在７Ｔ１７信息处理仪上进行脱机采样处理,错觉量用模糊集途径进行量化。主要结论如下：１．视动性眼震的快相速度、慢性速度、快相幅度、慢性幅度均随刺激速度增加而增大,在６０－１２０度／秒范围达到峰值后,基本维持稳定状态,而快慢相时间却有相反的变化趋势,其随刺激速度增加而减小,在６０度／秒达到最低值,然后略有回升。２．在５－１２０度／秒内,视动性错觉随刺激速度的增加而增大,呈直线上升。３．视动性眼震与视动性错觉不存在因果关系。低速度视动刺激下,当视动性眼震被抑制时,错觉量明显增大,说明视动性眼震减轻了视动性错觉。     

情感预测中的聚焦错觉

聚焦错觉是个体在进行情感预测时,错误地估计了聚焦事件会对情绪造成影响的一种倾向.聚焦错觉是造成情感预测偏差的重要原因.其心理机制主要包括直觉预测和可得性模型.聚焦错觉的影响因素主要有预测事件的情感效价、性质,情境因素、个体习惯和文化差异等.其应对策略主要有去焦点化和情感平均.未来的研究应从聚焦错觉与忽视情绪适应的关系、聚焦错觉的产生根源以及聚焦错觉与其他聚焦效应的关系等方面来进一步探讨.     

老年人声音诱发闪光错觉的大脑静息态低频振幅

声音诱发闪光错觉(sound-induced flash illusion, SiFI)是一种听觉占主导性的多感觉整合现象,即当视觉闪光伴随不相等数量的听觉声音在100 ms内相继或同时呈现时,个体会错觉性地知觉到视觉闪光的个数与听觉声音的数量相等。本研究分别将老年人群体和年轻人群体的声音诱发闪光错觉量(裂变错觉和融合错觉)与全脑的静息态低频振幅(amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation, ALFF)进行相关分析,考察老年人群体声音诱发闪光错觉效应与大脑静息状态自发活动区域的关系。结果发现,无论是裂变错觉还是融合错觉,老年人声音诱发闪光错觉均增大。对于裂变错觉,老年人的错觉量与内侧前额叶皮层的自发活动呈显著正相关;对于融合错觉,老年人的错觉量与额下回、额中回和颞下回的自发活动呈显著正相关,与枕上回和舌回的自发活动呈现显著的负相关。结果表明,老年人声音诱发闪光错觉量增大的原因与大脑中多个脑区的静息态自发活动存在关系。     

Two hands are better than one: a new assessment method and a new interpretation of the non-visual illusion of self-touch

A simple experimental paradigm creates the powerful illusion that one is touching one’s own hand even when the two hands are separated by 15 cm. The participant uses her right hand to administer stimulation to a prosthetic hand while the Examiner provides identical stimulation to the participant’s receptive left hand. Change in felt position of the receptive hand toward the prosthetic hand has previously led to the interpretation that the participant experiences self-touch at the location of the prosthetic hand, and experiences a sense of ownership of the prosthetic hand. Our results argue against this interpretation. We assessed change in felt position of the participant’s receptive hand but we also assessed change in felt position of the participant’s administering hand. Change in felt position of the administering hand was significantly greater than change in felt position of the receptive hand. Implications for theories of ownership are discussed.     

Observational drawing biases are predicted by biases in perception: Empirical support of the misperception hypothesis of drawing accuracy with respect to two angle illusions

We tested the misperception hypothesis of drawing errors, which states that drawing accuracy is strongly influenced by the perceptual encoding of a to-be-drawn stimulus. We used a highly controlled experimental paradigm in which nonartist participants made perceptual judgements and drawings of angles under identical stimulus exposure conditions. Experiment 1 examined the isosceles/scalene triangle angle illusion; congruent patterns of bias in the perception and drawing tasks were found for 40 and 60° angles, but not for 20 or 80° angles, providing mixed support for the misperception hypothesis. Experiment 2 examined shape constancy effects with respect to reproductions of single acute or obtuse angles; congruent patterns of bias in the perception and drawing tasks were found across a range of angles from 29 to 151°, providing strong support for the misperception hypothesis. In both experiments, perceptual and drawing biases were positively correlated. These results are largely consistent with the misperception hypothesis, suggesting that inaccurate perceptual encoding of angles is an important reason that nonartists err in drawing angles from observation.     

Sampling the process of autobiographical memory construction

In three autobiographical memory retrieval experiments participants reported the contents of consciousness to a probe presented at early and late points during retrieval. Classification of the protocols according to the specificity of the reported knowledge found that early in retrieval abstract knowledge predominated whereas at the later point, close to generation or formation of a memory, knowledge related to specific events was more frequent. For some memories very fast and full retrieval was observed at the early point and this was independent of other concurrent processing demands. These findings show that generative retrieval entails iterative access of autobiographical knowledge but this is not observed in direct retrieval.     

Biased judgments of the effects of speed change on travel time,fuel consumption and braking: Individual differences in the use of simplifying rules producing the same biases

The main purpose of this study was to identify different cognitive rules that lead to a particular judgment bias. To fulfill this purpose, a new method Spectral analysis was introduced and applied. Participants judged time saved by driving faster, fuel saved by replacing a car and braking capacity at different speeds. These problems invite the time saving bias (e.g., time saved from speed increases at higher speeds overestimated), the miles per gallon, MPG illusion (misjudgment of fuel saved by replacing a car) and the braking capacity bias (overestimation of braking capacity after speed increase). The average results replicated the biases. Spectral analysis of individual participants and problems showed that a speed difference rule explained about half of the time saving judgments and about three fourth of the MPG judgments. A difference between speeds rule described about one third of the biased braking judgments and a ratio/proportion rule about one fifth of the time saving and MPG judgments. All rules give biased judgments in all three domains. The paper ends with a discussion of hierarchies of cognitive rules, applications of the results, and how to mitigate or avoid the biases and the risks associated with the biases.     

"旁观者清"还是"旁观者不清"?——偏向知觉的非对称性研究

心理学家近年来开始重视人们对社会认知偏向的知觉的研究。文章回顾了心理学对偏向以及对偏向知觉的研究历史,重点介绍了“偏向盲点”与“内省错觉”两种偏向知觉的实验,分析了偏向知觉的相关理论解释,并提出偏向知觉研究是社会知觉研究的一个新领域。     

Spatial limits on the nonvisual self-touch illusion and the visual rubber hand illusion: Subjective experience of the illusion and proprioceptive drift

The nonvisual self-touch rubber hand paradigm elicits the compelling illusion that one is touching one’s own hand even though the two hands are not in contact. In four experiments, we investigated spatial limits of distance (15 cm, 30 cm, 45 cm, 60 cm) and alignment (0°, 90° anti-clockwise) on the nonvisual self-touch illusion and the well-known visual rubber hand illusion. Common procedures (synchronous and asynchronous stimulation administered for 60 s with the prosthetic hand at body midline) and common assessment methods were used. Subjective experience of the illusion was assessed by agreement ratings for statements on a questionnaire and time of illusion onset. The nonvisual self-touch illusion was diminished though never abolished by distance and alignment manipulations, whereas the visual rubber hand illusion was more robust against these manipulations. We assessed proprioceptive drift, and implications of a double dissociation between subjective experience of the illusion and proprioceptive drift are discussed.