2~6岁儿童心迷走紧张的发展

考察2岁、4岁和6岁3个组共104名有效被试,在基线状态下的基线迷走紧张以及与年龄相符的中等压力任务下的迷走抑制的发展。结果发现,基线迷走紧张与迷走抑制有不同的发展模式：4岁组、6岁组儿童的基线迷走紧张显著地高于2岁组,而4岁组与6岁组之间没有显著差异,基线心跳周期随年龄的增长而相应增长;迷走抑制没有年龄差异,6岁组的基线对任务的心跳周期变化显著地大于2岁组的心跳周期变化     

Age,Emotion Regulation,and Affect in Adulthood: The Mediating Role of Cognitive Reappraisal

Evidence indicates that older adults experience high levels of emotional well‐being. However, little is known empirically about the underlying mechanism of this state. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether emotion regulation mediates the link between age and affect in adulthood. The sample consisted of 516 Japanese participants aged 30 (±1), 50 (±1), and 70 (±1) years, who were registered with an Internet survey company. Cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression were measured as emotion regulation strategies. Positive and negative affect were assessed. Older participants reported lower negative affect than younger participants, while positive affect was not correlated with age. Cognitive reappraisal partially mediated the relationship between age and affect, whereas expressive suppression did not. The results suggested that age‐related increase in cognitive reappraisal could contribute to improvements in affect, but that another adaptive form of emotion regulation may mediate the relationship between age and affect. Our study thus indicates that developments in emotion regulation could explain the mechanism of stable everyday affect throughout adulthood, and that researchers should further explore another form of adaptive emotion regulation.     

消费者不道德行为与员工情绪衰竭关系的调节性中介模型

大量研究业已揭示,消费者针对员工的不道德行为是导致员工情绪衰竭的重要因素,但是对于消费者不针对员工的不道德行为（consumer unethical behavior that are not employee directed,CUB）是否会影响员工的情绪衰竭,研究还较少涉及。基于道义伦理学,本研究提出了一个调节性中介模型,以分析CUB与员工情绪衰竭的关系。该模型假定,CUB与员工情绪衰竭之间的关系以情绪抑制为中介,并且受到员工道德认同的调节。对198名销售人员的研究发现,即使控制了消费者针对员工的不道德行为,CUB仍影响着员工的情绪衰竭;CUB与员工情绪衰竭的关系受到道德认同的调节,道德认同较高的员工表现出较高程度的情绪抑制与情绪衰竭。研究支持了假设的调节性中介模型,情绪抑制在CUB和情绪衰竭之间发挥着部分中介作用,不仅如此,这一中介作用还受到道德认同的调节,情绪抑制在CUB和情绪衰竭之间的间接效应主要表现在道德认同较高的员工中。最后探讨了研究发现的理论意义、不足及未来发展方向。     

Emotional suppression explains the link between early life stress and plasma oxytocin

Early life stress (ELS) has been found to be associated with lower concentrations of plasma oxytocin (OT) in adulthood. It is not yet clear, however, what mechanisms underlie this association. The goal of the present study was to test the role of emotional suppression as an intervening variable between ELS in childhood and plasma OT. In a nonclinical sample of 90 men, ELS, emotional suppression, and plasma OT were assessed. Emotional suppression was positively associated with ELS (r = 0.37, p < 0.001) and negatively associated with plasma OT concentrations (r = ?0.30, p < 0.01). In contrast, cognitive reappraisal – an alternative emotion regulation strategy – was not correlated with ELS or plasma OT concentrations. Cross-sectional regression analyses revealed that the ELS explained variance in plasma OT via emotional suppression. Moderation analyses revealed that the combination of high ELS and high emotional suppression was associated with the lowest concentrations of plasma oxytocin. These findings are consistent with the view that emotional suppression may be one pathway linking ELS and OT.     

The role of item similarity in part-list cueing impairment

The presentation of a subset of studied items as retrieval cues can have detrimental effects on recall of the remaining (target) items. In three experiments we examined whether such part-list cueing impairment depends on the similarity between cue and target items. Item similarity was manipulated by making use of pre-experimental semantic similarities between cue and target items (Experiments 1 and 2), or was episodically induced through a similarity-encoding task, in which participants were asked to interrelate cue and target items in a meaningful way (Experiment 3). In all three experiments reliable part-list cueing impairment arose when the similarity between cues and targets was low, but no impairment was found when the similarity between cues and targets was high. Inhibitory as well as non-inhibitory explanations of the findings are discussed.     

Ageing and the self-reference effect in memory

The present study investigates potential age differences in the self-reference effect. Young and older adults incidentally encoded adjectives by deciding whether the adjective described them, described another person (Experiments 1 & 2), was a trait they found desirable (Experiment 3), or was presented in upper case. Like young adults, older adults exhibited superior recognition for self-referenced items relative to the items encoded with the alternate orienting tasks, but self-referencing did not restore their memory to the level of young adults. Furthermore, the self-reference effect was more limited for older adults. Amount of cognitive resource influenced how much older adults benefit from self-referencing, and older adults appeared to extend the strategy less flexibly than young adults. Self-referencing improves older adults’ memory, but its benefits are circumscribed despite the social and personally relevant nature of the task.     

Thought Suppression in Spider-Fearful and Nonfearful Individuals

The authors examined the suppression of spider-related thoughts in spiderfearful (n = 23) and nonfearful (n = 22) individuals. Participants were primed with vivid pictures of spiders and a story about spiders. Next, they were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 conditions: (a) suppression of thoughts associated with the previously presented spiderrelated stimuli or (b) free expression of any thoughts, including those related to the spider-related stimuli. All participants completed a subsequent free-expression exercise. Results indicated that spider-fearful individuals expressed thoughts about the spider-related stimuli for a longer length of time than did nonfearful individuals, particularly in the suppression condition. Participants in both groups demonstrated a rebound of thoughts associated with the spider-related stimuli following suppression. The authors propose that the priming of feared stimuli makes suppression of fear-related thoughts particularly difficult for fearful individuals, perhaps by activating a state of heightened arousal.     

Role of prior negative cognitions on the development of intrusive thoughts

This analogue study examined how individuals' prior negative cognitions influenced intrusion frequency, intrusion‐related distress and thought suppression. Participants at high (HR) and low risk (LR) for interpreting their intrusive thoughts in a negative manner viewed a graphic trauma film and their subsequent intrusion development was assessed. HR participants experienced a greater frequency of intrusions and intrusion‐related distress compared to LR participants. Trait thought suppression moderated the relationship between risk for the negative interpretation of intrusions and intrusion frequency. The findings suggest that pre‐existing negative cognitions are influential in the development of intrusions following exposure to an analogue trauma.