Longitudinal Study on the Relationships between Organizational Factors and Autonomous and Controlled Motivation among Older Japanese Bridge Employees1

Longitudinal relationships between organizational factors and autonomous and controlled motivation among older Japanese bridge employees were investigated. The study sample consisted of 331 older people working in bridge employment at the same organizations where they worked before retirement (M_age = 63.45 years, SD = 3.28 years). Data were taken at two time points 10 months apart. Multiple regression analysis indicated that organizational justice predicted autonomous motivation at Time 2, after controlling for demographic variables and autonomous motivation at Time 1, whereas organizational justice did not predict controlled motivation. Moreover, support from coworkers positively predicted autonomous motivation and negatively predicted controlled motivation at Time 2. These results indicate that optimal organizational environments might promote autonomous motivation and reduce controlled motivation among older workers. It is suggested that organizations develop environments where older workers can receive fair evaluations from their superiors and close relationships with their coworkers.     

大连市健康体检成人甲状腺结节流行病学研究

本研究对2009年6月至2010年6月大连市成人健康体检10 357例,进行甲状腺结节的流行病学和危险因素分析。结果表明甲状腺结节的总体患病率为43.79%,男性和女性分别为37.75%和50.77%,女性患病率高于男性,且与年龄有非常明显的关系。另外,甲状腺结节的危险因素为不良的生活和工作方式,尤其是饮食习惯,不同性...     

制约国人白内障复明手术的社会因素

全球因白内障致失明者大约2000万人,导致低视力者3倍于此数字,即6000万。手术可使白内障失明者视力恢复正常或有用视力。每年每百万人口接受白内障手术的人数（白内障手术率）是在不同环境中衡量眼保健工作的有用尺度。白内障手术率在各国之间以及一个国家的不同地区都存在极大差异,最高者比利时16000例／百万,2004年统计我...     

德州地区进展性缺血性脑卒中相关危险因素的研究

探讨进展性缺血性脑卒中（SIP）的相关危险因素。选择德州市人民医院1999年～2009年163例SIP患者,首先对18个变量行单因素分析,然后对阳性变量行多因素Logistic逐步回归分析,筛选SIP发生的相关危险因素。高血压史、感染、加拿大卒中量表（CNS）评分、高血糖、TG、纤维蛋白原、脑水肿、颈动脉粥样硬化性狭窄...     

高中生自杀意念的保护性因素:积极心理(乐观)的中介作用

目的:了解高中生的绝望感、自杀意念状况,分析中学生自杀意念的保护性因素的作用机制,为自杀的心理干预提供必要的支持。方法:采用分层整群抽样法抽取在校高中生300人,利用应对效能量表、贝克绝望量表和自杀意念量表等进行调查分析。结果:自杀意念者的检出率为15%,数量分布无性别、年级和独生子女上的差异;应对效能、家庭亲密度和适应性和乐观主义与自杀意念呈显著负相关,对自杀意念有显著的负向影响;乐观主义在应对效能、家庭亲密度和适应性对自杀意念的影响种起部分中介作用。结论:应对效能、家庭亲密度和适应性和乐观主义是自杀意念的重要保护性因素;应对效能、家庭亲密度和适应性通过乐观主义对自杀意念产生影响。     

Using MCMC chain outputs to efficiently estimate Bayes factors

One of the most important methodological problems in psychological research is assessing the reasonableness of null models, which typically constrain a parameter to a specific value such as zero. Bayes factor has been recently advocated in the statistical and psychological literature as a principled means of measuring the evidence in data for various models, including those where parameters are set to specific values. Yet, it is rarely adopted in substantive research, perhaps because of the difficulties in computation. Fortunately, for this problem, the Savage–Dickey density ratio (Dickey & Lientz, 1970) provides a conceptually simple approach to computing Bayes factor. Here, we review methods for computing the Savage–Dickey density ratio, and highlight an improved method, originally suggested by Gelfand and Smith (1990) and advocated by Chib (1995), that outperforms those currently discussed in the psychological literature. The improved method is based on conditional quantities, which may be integrated by Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling to estimate Bayes factors. These conditional quantities efficiently utilize all the information in the MCMC chains, leading to accurate estimation of Bayes factors. We demonstrate the method by computing Bayes factors in one-sample and one-way designs, and show how it may be implemented in WinBUGS.     

不同动机和材料因素对学习判断影响的实验研究

本研究主要考察不同动机和材料因素对学习判断的影响。采用标准R-J-R实验程序,运用有意义与无意义词对对120名被试进行实验。结果发现：（1）成就目标、记忆自我效能、材料因素对JOL有显著影响,材料因素对JOL影响最大,记忆自我效能次之,成就目标最小;（2）成就目标与记忆自我效能存在交互作用对JOL有显著影响;（3）成就目标以记忆自我效能为中介影响JOL;（4）JOL准确性与回忆成绩存在显著正相关。     

Making decisions about now and later: Development of future-oriented self-control

This study explored factors underlying preschoolers’ ability to make future-oriented choices. In a delay-of-gratification choice task, quantity and visibility of the reward was systematically varied. Participants included 90 typically developing children aged 2–4 years. Children made more choices to delay gratification as the quantity of the reward increased from 1 to 4 stickers, but covering the reward did not have an effect. The study extends previous findings on delay of gratification choice tasks in suggesting a developmental pattern beginning with an early appearing “hot” motivational system. Having children think about the present self versus the future self presumably activates a second “cool” representational system. Age differences in the development of this system and its integration with the motivational system may be at the heart of the “U” shaped function observed in the present work, one in which simpler abilities underlying self-control develop in parallel and integrate to produce more complex behaviour. The study thus contributes to our understanding of the development of future-oriented self-control, a milestone central to socialization and the definition of the self.     

Motivated but not engaged: The implicit achievement motive requires difficult or unclear task difficulty conditions to exert an impact on effort

Integrating the achievement motive literature and motivational intensity theory, we expected the implicit achievement motive (nAch) to directly determine effort mobilization when task difficulty is unclear. However, nAch should interact with task difficulty in determining effort mobilization when task difficulty is clear. Participants worked on an easy versus difficult memory task (Study 1) or a clear versus unclear arithmetic task (Study 2). We used the Picture-Story-Exercise to assess nAch and pre-ejection period (PEP) to operationalize effort. As predicted, PEP reactivity was strong in the difficult-high-nAch condition and in the unclear-high-nAch condition but low in the other three conditions. Supporting motivational intensity theory, our results showed that nAch requires difficult or unclear task conditions to exert a noticeable impact on effort.