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981.
本研究基于Hunt和Vitell(1986)所提出的市场营销领域的道德通用理论模型,随机选取129名MBA学生为被试,采用Reidenbach和Robin的多维道德量表和情景研究法,旨在考察个体在应对企业决策中的道德问题时,不同道德评价取向对道德决策(整体性道德判断和道德意图阶段)的预测作用。结果表明:1)与对道德判断的单项目测量相比,多维道德量表对道德意图具有高的预测效度;2)道德公平、功利主义和契约主义对整体道德判断具有显著的预测作用;3)道德公平和相对主义对自我和他人道德意图具有显著预测作用。 相似文献
982.
情境判断测验是一种为作答者呈现工作相关的典型情境以及该情境下可能的行为反应, 要求根据指导语提示进行选择或评价的测验形式。随着其理论和实践的发展, 研究者越来越关注情境判断测验的效度研究, 包括对其构想效度、效标关联效度和递增效度的探讨, 以及指导语类型、情境保真度以及计分方式等因素对其效度的影响。基于这些研究进展, 未来情境判断测验实践领域可能的方向是:(1)开发针对特定构想的情境判断测验; (2)结合具体构想选用相应的指导语; (3)应用作假和培训对效度影响的研究结果指导实践。 相似文献
983.
Building on the assumption that interpersonal similarity is a form of social distance, the current research examines the manner in which similarity influences the representation and judgment of others’ actions. On the basis of a construal level approach, we hypothesized that greater levels of similarity would increase the relative weight of subordinate and secondary features of information in judgments of others’ actions. The results of four experiments showed that compared to corresponding judgments of a dissimilar target, participants exposed to a similar target person identified that person’s actions in relatively more subordinate means-related rather than superordinate ends-related terms (Experiment 1), perceived his or her actions to be determined more by feasibility and less by desirability concerns (Experiment 3), and gave more weight to secondary aspects in judgments of the target’s decisions (Experiment 2) and performance (Experiment 4). Implications for the study of interpersonal similarity, as well as social distance in general, are discussed. 相似文献
984.
Ira Newman 《Philosophia》2008,36(1):43-54
Philosophers have often applied a distinctively epistemic framework to the question of how moral knowledge can be derived
from fictional literature, by considering how true propositions, or their argumentative support, can be the cognitive fruits
of reading works of fiction. I offer an alternative approach. I focus not on whether readers fail to assent to the truth of
a proposition or fail to provide it rational support. Instead, I focus on how readers fail to accord a truth (which they already
accept) adequate importance in their web of beliefs about living a good human life. This is a form of ignorance, but in the
form of neglect, or failure to pay proper regard – which is one sense of the term ‘forgetfulness’. I argue that works of fictional
literature may, at times, stimulate audience members to overcome their own particular forms of forgetfulness in this respect.
And I use Tolstoy’s The Death of Ivan Ilyich as a case in point.
相似文献
Ira NewmanEmail: |
985.
Coughlin SS 《Science and engineering ethics》2008,14(1):103-110
There has been increasing interest in developing practical, non-theoretical tools for analyzing ethical problems in public
health, biomedicine, and other scientific disciplines so that professionals can make and justify ethical decisions in their
own research or practice. Tools for ethical decisionmaking, together with case studies on ethics, are often used in graduate
education programs and in continuing professional education. Students can benefit from opportunities to further develop their
analytical skills, to recognize ethical issues, and to develop their moral sensitivity. One practical approach for illustrating
and facilitating ethical analysis uses cases with contrary facts and circumstances, an approach which complements rather than
replaces theoretical approaches to moral reasoning. Cases with contrary facts and circumstances are presented in two or more
alternative ways so that the facts, circumstances, or framing of one version runs counter to that of the other version (s).
Cases with contrary facts, together with practical steps for identifying and analyzing ethical issues, are likely to be useful
tools for illustrating and facilitating ethics analysis and stimulating the moral imagination.
The findings and conclusions in this article are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention. 相似文献
986.
Fischer’s Way: The Next Level 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Saul Smilansky 《The Journal of Ethics》2008,12(2):147-155
I present an analogy between analytic philosophy and a particular sort of computer game, and analyze some aspects of John
Martin Fischer's My Way in the light of this analogy. I set out the different levels of the free will question, and explore how well Fischer does
on them. On the compatibility level, he succeeds, in my view, in confronting the "metaphysical challenge" and the "manipulation
challenge", but does less well with the "moral arbitrariness challenge". The compatibilist perspective captures only part
of the moral and personal truth on the compatibility issue, and is shown to be inherently shallow. On the next levels we see
that Fischer confronts particular dangers: the very virtues that make his minimalist position so resilient on the second (compatibility)
level, render it too impoverished when it comes to the third, which asks about the very importance of taking moral responsibility
seriously. Connecting to other positions (such as P.F. Strawson's version of naturalism) may be an imperative, but would also
be risky. Likewise, on the fourth level, where we confront the difficulty of deciding how to deal with the previous conclusions,
it is doubtful how well Fischer can do, given his previous philosophical commitments.
相似文献
Saul SmilanskyEmail: |
987.
Faith E. Fletcher Paul Ndebele Maureen C. Kelley 《Theoretical medicine and bioethics》2008,29(5):307-330
The debate over how to best guide HIV-infected mothers in resource-poor settings on infant feeding is more than two decades
old. Globally, breastfeeding is responsible for approximately 300,000 HIV infections per year, while at the same time, UNICEF
estimates that not breastfeeding (formula feeding with contaminated water) is responsible for 1.5 million child deaths per
year. The largest burden of these infections and deaths occur in Sub-Saharan Africa. Using this region as an example of the
burden faced more generally in other resource-poor settings, we contrast the evolution of the clinical standard of care for
infant feeding with HIV-infected mothers in high-income countries to the current international clinical guidelines for HIV-infected
mothers and infant feeding in resource-poor settings. While the international guidelines of exclusive breastfeeding for a
6-month period seem to offer the least-worst strategy for reducing mother-to-child transmission of HIV during infancy while
conferring some immunity through breastfeeding post-6 months, we argue that the impact of the policy on mothers and healthcare
workers on the ground is not well understood. The harm reduction approach on the level of health policy translates into a
complicated, painful moral dilemma for HIV-positive mothers and those offering them guidance on infant feeding. We argue that
the underlying socio-economic disparities that continue to fuel the need for a harm reduction policy on infant feeding and
the harm to women and children justify: (1) that higher priority be given to solving the infant feeding dilemma with improved
data on safe feeding alternatives, and (2) support of innovative, community-driven solutions that address the particular economic
and cultural challenges that continue to result in HIV-transmission to children within these communities.
相似文献
Maureen C. KelleyEmail: |
988.
Godfrey B. Tangwa 《Theoretical medicine and bioethics》2008,29(5):297-306
The central importance of reproduction in all human cultures has given rise to many methods and techniques of assisting reproduction
or overcoming infertility. Such methods and techniques have achieved spectacular successes in the Western world, where processes
like in vitro fertilization (IVF) constitute a remarkable breakthrough. In this paper, the author attempts to reflect critically
on assisted reproduction technologies (ART) from the background and perspective of African culture, a culture within which
human reproduction is given the highest priority but which also exhibits a highly ambivalent attitude to modern technology-assisted
methods of reproduction. The author considers the ethical crux of reproductive technologies to be linked to the issue of the
moral status of the human embryo and argues that a morally significant line of demarcation cannot be drawn between embryos and other categories of humans. 相似文献
989.
The Great Apes and the Severely Disabled: Moral Status and Thick Evaluative Concepts 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Logi Gunnarsson 《Ethical Theory and Moral Practice》2008,11(3):305-326
The literature of bioethics suffers from two serious problems. (1) Most authors are unable to take seriously both the rights
of the great apes and of severely disabled human infants. Rationalism—moral status rests on rational capacities—wrongly assigns
a higher moral status to the great apes than to all severely disabled human infants with less rational capacities than the
great apes. Anthropocentrism—moral status depends on membership in the human species—falsely grants all humans a higher moral
status than the great apes. Animalism—moral status is dependent on the ability to suffer—mistakenly equates the moral status
of humans and most animals. (2) The concept person is widely used for justificatory purposes, but it seems that it cannot play such a role. It seems that it is either redundant
or unable to play any justificatory role. I argue that we can solve the second problem by understanding person as a thick evaluative concept. This then enables us to justify assigning a higher moral status to the great apes than to
simple animals: the great apes are persons. To solve the first problem, I argue that certain severely disabled infants have
a higher moral status than the great apes because they are dependent upon human relationships for their well-being. Only very
limited abilities are required for such relationships, and the question who is capable of them must be based on thick evaluative
concepts. Thus, it turns out that to make progress in bioethics we must assign thick evaluative concepts a central role.
相似文献
Logi GunnarssonEmail: |
990.
Moral phenomenology: Foundational issues 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Uriah Kriegel 《Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences》2008,7(1):1-19
In this paper, I address the what, the how, and the why of moral phenomenology. I consider first the question What is moral phenomenology?, secondly the question How to pursue moral phenomenology?, and thirdly the question Why pursue moral phenomenology? My treatment of these questions is preliminary and tentative, and is meant not so much to settle them as to point in their answers’ direction. 相似文献