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791.
儒家是要成德的。儒家为什么要成德 ?这就是儒家之所以为儒家的精神动力问题 ,从心理学看则是动机问题。儒家成德的精神动力源于孔子“以德配天”的天命思想。“以德配天”的思想一方面为成德找到了外在本原依据 ,另一方面也彰显了人的主体性。但面对天不应德的现实 ,孔子虽然以盲目命来化解 ,但儒家的成德内在合理性毕竟受到怀疑。先秦儒家通过“时”来化解这种质疑。后儒则逐步从外在预设向个体内在、本然性方面转换 ,逐步形成了以张载为代表的人的内在本原成德观。虽然如此 ,面对成德过程中的诸多不确定性 ,外在的盲目命思想一直保留下来。这样内在本然成德动力和外在“际命”化解的思想从内外方面使儒家成德动力得以维系和作用 相似文献
792.
This study adaptes the identity-value model (IVM) of self-regulation to examine a structural model of the psychosocial processes governing hypercompetitive attitudes among athletes. Structural equation modeling of data from 522 competitors, aged 11–23 years, showed that the effect of athletic identity on hypercompetitive attitudes was serially mediated via athletes’ values and self-regulatory efficacy. Athletic identity positively predicted all athletes’ values for morality, competence, and status. Moral values (positively) and status values (negatively) predicted self-regulatory efficacy, which in turn negatively predicted hypercompetitive attitudes. Self-regulatory efficacy (fully) mediated the negative effect of moral values and (partially) mediated the positive effect of status values on hypercompetitive attitudes. Also, these effects were invariant across gender, sports types, and age. This study extends the application of the IVM, the athletic identity maintenance model (AIMM), and the Schwartz’ basic values theory, by suggesting that athletic identity is a strong predicator of athletes’ values and can operate in concert with athletes’ values and self-regulation efficacy in governing hypercompetitive attitudes. 相似文献
793.
People are often called on to make an assessment of the relative likelihood of events (e.g., which of two investments is more likely to outperform the market?) and their complements (which of the two investments is more likely to perform no better than the market?). Probability theory assumes that belief orderings over events and their complements should mirror each other (i.e., P(A) >/= P(B) iff P (not-A) = P(not-B)). This principle is violated in several surveys in which we asked people to assess the relative likelihood of familiar versus unfamiliar events. In particular, respondents are biased to view more familiar events (and their complements) as more likely than less familiar events (and their complements). Similarly, we observe that subjects are biased to view less familiar events (and their complements) as less likely than more familiar events (and their complements). Further studies demonstrate that the familiarity bias is less pronounced among subjects who are asked to judge the probability of each event rather than which event is more likely. Moreover, a greater proportion of subjects rate the more familiar event as more likely than assign a higher probability to that event. These patterns can be construed as belief reversals, analogous to the preference reversal phenomenon in decision making. The data are consistent with a contingent weighting model in which the process of judging relative likelihood biases attention toward evidence supporting the target hypothesis (and away from evidence supporting its complement). Because it is easier to recruit evidence supporting familiar events than unfamiliar events, this skewed attention causes both familiar events and their complements to be judged more likely, on average, than unfamiliar events and their complements. Copyright 2000 Academic Press. 相似文献
794.
Christopher Lockhart Carol H. J. Lee Chris G. Sibley Danny Osborne 《International journal of psychology》2023,58(1):16-29
Although abortion and euthanasia are highly contested issues at the heart of the culture war, the moral foundations underlying ideological differences on these issues are mostly unknown. Given that much of the extant debate is framed around the sanctity of life, we argued that the moral foundation of purity/sanctity—a core moral belief that emphasises adherence to the “natural order”—would mediate the negative relationship between conservatism and support for abortion and euthanasia. As hypothesised, results from a nation-wide random sample of adults in New Zealand (N = 3360) revealed that purity/sanctity mediated the relationship between conservatism and opposition to both policies. These results demonstrate that, rather than being motivated by a desire to reduce harm, conservative opposition to pro-choice and end-of-life decisions is (partly) based on the view that ending a life, even if it is one's own, violates God's natural design and, thus, stains one's spiritual purity. 相似文献
795.
A priming paradigm was used to explore the representation of attitudes about government policies in memory. Participants performed pairs of tasks in quick succession. The focal tasks involved evaluating a policy or thinking of one of its consequences. The results showed that thinking of a consequence of a policy speeded up its subsequent evaluation, regardless of whether the participant held a strong or weak attitude about the policy. Evaluating the policy speeded up thinking of one of its consequences for strong attitudes but not for weak ones. In general, it took participants longer to think of a consequence of a policy than to evaluate it. The implications of these results for existing views of the representation of attitudes in memory are discussed. 相似文献
796.
Tony L. Strickland Jack O. Jenkins Hector F. Myers Henry E. Adams 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》1988,10(2):141-151
The purpose of the present investigation was to examine the process of differential evaluation of clients as a function of client and therapist race. It was hypothesized that race of client and therapist would interact, influencing the judgments of client psychopathology, appropriateness for therapy, verbal facility, and likelihood of treatment success despite standardization of the clinical stimuli. Graduate students in clinical psychology and with varying levels of training (i.e., 1 to 5 years) were asked to rate videotaped interviews of clients in which race of the client and level of psychopathology (i.e., normal, neurotic, and psychotic) were systematically varied. There were significant differences in ratings as a function of race of client, race of therapist, and level of psychopathology observed. Black clients were not rated differently on degree of psychopathology but were rated as less verbally skilled and less appropriate for treatment but more likely to benefit from treatment than white clients. Contrary to expectations, white therapists tended to underrate the pathology of black clients. On the other hand, black therapists tended to overrate the pathology of white clients and made mixed judgments of black clients. The implications of these findings are discussed.This study was supported in part by NIMH Research Centers in Minority Institutions (RCMI) Grant G12RR03206-2. 相似文献
797.
ObjectivesThis investigation was conducted to determine whether contesting orientations add predictive utility for prosocial behavior, both in and out of sports, beyond other variables related to the component processes of moral action.DesignCross-sectional.MethodsIntercollegiate US athletes (n = 2380; 56.4% male), from both individual and team sports, completed measures of contesting orientation, three moral variables (moral attentiveness, moral identity, integrity), three sport-specific variables (athletic identity, goal orientation, and fear of failure), and three outcome variables (sportspersonship, academic honesty, and prosocial helping). Data was analyzed using both correlational and regression analyses.ResultsRegression analyses demonstrated that contesting orientations were the best predictors of sportspersonship, but were insignificant predictors of nonsport forms of prosocial behavior.ConclusionsConsistent with contesting theory, contesting orientation are salient and potent predictors of sportspersonship, but do not predict behavior outside of contest situations. 相似文献
798.
Is job performance independent from career success? A conceptual distinction between competence and agency
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Adopting a social approach to social judgment, we conducted five studies to validate a conceptual distinction between agency and competence traits. Studies 1–3 revealed that competence traits (e.g., skillful) are associated with job performance, whereas agentic traits (e.g., ambitious) are associated with career success. Study 4 showed that only agency predicted the amount of money people are likely to earn: the more a given trait was considered as agentic, the more it was associated with high monetary values. Study 5 highlighted the predominance of agency traits over competence traits in the evaluation of an employee applying for a promotion. Nevertheless, participants asserted that competence was the main criterion they used to judge the applicant. Implications of the conceptual distinction between agency and competence for social cognition are discussed. 相似文献
799.
Carolyn MacCann Filip Lievens Nele Libbrecht Richard D. Roberts 《Cognition & emotion》2016,30(7):1317-1331
People process emotional information using visual, vocal, and verbal cues. However, emotion management is typically assessed with text based rather than multimedia stimuli. This study (N?=?427) presents the new multimedia emotion management assessment (MEMA) and compares it to the text-based assessment of emotion management used in the MSCEIT. The text-based and multimedia assessment showed similar levels of cognitive saturation and similar prediction of relevant criteria. Results demonstrate that the MEMA scores have equivalent evidence of validity to the text-based MSCEIT test scores, demonstrating that multimedia assessment of emotion management is viable. Furthermore, our results inform the debate as to whether cognitive saturation in emotional intelligence (EI) measures represents “noise” or “substance”. We find that cognitive ability associations with EI represent substantive variance rather than construct-irrelevant shared variance due to reading comprehension ability required for text-based items. 相似文献
800.