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111.
Moral development research has often focused on the development of moral reasoning without considering children's understanding of moral advisors. We investigated how children construe sources of moral advice by examining the characteristics that children deem necessary for reasoning about moral or scientific problems. In two experiments, children in grades K, 2, and 4 were presented with dilemmas of a moral nature or scientific nature and chose between two advisors. Second and fourth graders chose advisors differentially based on their expertise, while kindergartners did not discriminate between advisors. In a third experiment, older children indicated that only certain characteristics are needed to solve moral or scientific problems, and they endorsed these characteristics differentially based on the problem to be solved. Thus, by middle childhood, children construe moral knowledge as distinct from scientific knowledge and select advisors in each area accordingly. 相似文献
112.
法国现代哲学把伦理学作为一个核心问题。在现象学的框架之下,勒维纳斯和利科重新思考了主体的自由及其责任。该文简单地介绍这两位哲学家的基本观念。勒维纳斯比较强调个人对他人的无限伦理责任,而利科更强调美德,把它当作为伦理生活的出发点。虽然这些伦理立场不同而很难协调,可是它们都提供很必要的资源来思考现代伦理生活所面的困境和它的未来的可能。 相似文献
113.
David L. Rennie 《Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy》2007,37(1):53-58
Reflexivity has been defined as self-awareness, and radical reflexivity as awareness of self-awareness. Based on a qualitative
research study of the client's experience of psychotherapy, clients’ reflexivity and radical reflexivity are applied to the
concepts of moral evaluation and freedom of will. These concepts in turn are related to psychotherapy clients’ relationship
with self and with the therapist. It is shown how the nature of these relationships provides a rationale for decisions on
the appropriateness of the therapist's direction of the therapeutic process. In addition, specific interventions to offset
the power differential between the client and therapist are specified. It is concluded that unconscious determinants of experience
and action notwithstanding, clients’ self-aware agency plays a significant role in their engagement in therapy.
相似文献
David L. RennieEmail: |
114.
Predicting how another person will evaluate the intention underlying an action involves consideration of second-order mental states. Children (ages 5-10 years) and college students (N=105) predicted an observer's belief about an actor's intention and evaluated the actor from both their own perspectives and the perspective of the observer. Younger children were more likely than older children and adults to attribute a belief to the observer that mismatched the actor's prior intention. Attributed beliefs about intention were more likely to match negative prior intentions than to match positive prior intentions and were also more likely to match prior intentions when the observer knew the actor's prior intention than when the observer did not know the actor's prior intention. The judgments attributed to the observer were based on the beliefs about intention attributed to the observer, showing use of second-order mental states to infer another's sociomoral judgments. 相似文献
115.
In this paper, we will examine and untangle a conflict mainly between a developmental psychologist, Martin Hoffman and a social
psychologist, Daniel Batson. According to Hoffman, empathic distress, a vicarious feeling through empathy, is transformed
into an altruistic motivation. Batson and others on the other hand, criticize Hoffman, claiming that empathic altruism has
no relation with empathic distress. We will point out some problems with Batson’s position by referring to the results of
fMRI experiments that suggest empathic distress and empathic altruism share a common basis, and defend Hoffman’s argument.
This will also offer new insights into the evolution of empathy.
Hisashi Nakao obtained his BA and MA from Kyoto University. He is currently a graduate student at the Department of Philosophy and History of Science, the Graduate School of Letters, Kyoto University. His main research interests are in philosophy of biology and psychology, especially philosophical issues in the evolution of human behaviors or psychology. Shoji Itakura obtained his BS from Yokohama National University, and MS and Ph.D. from Kyoto University, Primate Research Institute. He is currently an Associate Professor of the Department of Psychology, the Graduate School of Letters, Kyoto University. His main research interests are in social cognition in infants and Developmental Cybernetics which he advocates as new research domain. 相似文献
Hisashi NakaoEmail: |
Hisashi Nakao obtained his BA and MA from Kyoto University. He is currently a graduate student at the Department of Philosophy and History of Science, the Graduate School of Letters, Kyoto University. His main research interests are in philosophy of biology and psychology, especially philosophical issues in the evolution of human behaviors or psychology. Shoji Itakura obtained his BS from Yokohama National University, and MS and Ph.D. from Kyoto University, Primate Research Institute. He is currently an Associate Professor of the Department of Psychology, the Graduate School of Letters, Kyoto University. His main research interests are in social cognition in infants and Developmental Cybernetics which he advocates as new research domain. 相似文献
116.
Michael Schwarz 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2009,43(3):185-213
It is believed a proven fact that variables in social and personality psychology match to normal distribution with its single peak. Multiple peaks are explained by independent variables. However, after a comprehensive data analysis
of more than 8.000 patients and on the basis of a bio-psycho-social model with 27 scales, we arrived at the conclusion that
normal distribution and the psychometric error theory cannot withstand critical analysis in large samples. Beyond the “truth”
that is proved by distribution-dependent statistical inferences, there exists another “truth” that is denied by the empirical
doctrine. This “truth” is influenced by compensatory belief systems and explains paradoxes in quality of life research. We
hypothesize that items, referred to life risks are micro-stressors, triggering self-regulatory processes as a humanly inherent
response, deeply anchored in human evolution. Especially when exposed to threatening experiences, self-focused attention generates
amplified multimodal distributions and subverts the methodological premises by an ambivalence-bias between thrill and threat,
hopes and fears, pleasure and pain, success and failure, etc. In this article we want to focus attention to the incommensurability
between test theoretical axioms and the way people usually respond to self-focused items. We discuss basic distribution patterns
and approach to an evolutionary theory of fluctuation of validity.
Michael Schwarz (53) is a clinical psychologist and psychotherapist with experiences in different areas of medical rehabilitation, organizational psychology, and quality management. Since 1992 he is employee in a gastroenterological rehabilitation clinic of Deutsche Rentenversicherung Bund (German Federal Pension Fund). His cumulated practical experience is more than 20.000 hours of psychological and psychotherapeutic sessions. In his doctoral dissertation he investigated methodological issues resulting from the bio-psycho-social diagnostics of subjective health. 相似文献
Michael SchwarzEmail: |
Michael Schwarz (53) is a clinical psychologist and psychotherapist with experiences in different areas of medical rehabilitation, organizational psychology, and quality management. Since 1992 he is employee in a gastroenterological rehabilitation clinic of Deutsche Rentenversicherung Bund (German Federal Pension Fund). His cumulated practical experience is more than 20.000 hours of psychological and psychotherapeutic sessions. In his doctoral dissertation he investigated methodological issues resulting from the bio-psycho-social diagnostics of subjective health. 相似文献
117.
Neeru Paharia Karim S. Kassam Joshua D. Greene Max H. Bazerman 《Organizational behavior and human decision processes》2009,109(2):134-141
When powerful people cause harm, they often do so indirectly through other people. Are harmful actions carried out through others evaluated less negatively than harmful actions carried out directly? Four experiments examine the moral psychology of indirect agency. Experiments 1A, 1B, and 1C reveal effects of indirect agency under conditions favoring intuitive judgment, but not reflective judgment, using a joint/separate evaluation paradigm. Experiment 2A demonstrates that effects of indirect agency cannot be fully explained by perceived lack of foreknowledge or control on the part of the primary agent. Experiment 2B indicates that reflective moral judgment is sensitive to indirect agency, but only to the extent that indirectness signals reduced foreknowledge and/or control. Experiment 3 indicates that effects of indirect agency result from a failure to automatically consider the potentially dubious motives of agents who cause harm indirectly. Experiment 4 demonstrates an effect of indirect agency on purchase intentions. 相似文献
118.
Evolutionary theories of morality, beginning with Darwin, have focused on explanations for altruism. More generally, these accounts have concentrated on conscience (self-regulatory mechanisms) to the neglect of condemnation (mechanisms for punishing others). As a result, few theoretical tools are available for understanding the rapidly accumulating data surrounding third-party judgment and punishment. Here we consider the strategic interactions among actors, victims, and third-parties to help illuminate condemnation. We argue that basic differences between the adaptive problems faced by actors and third-parties indicate that actor conscience and third-party condemnation are likely performed by different cognitive mechanisms. Further, we argue that current theories of conscience do not easily explain its experimentally demonstrated insensitivity to consequences. However, these results might be explicable if conscience functions, in part, as a defense system for avoiding third-party punishment. If conscience serves defensive functions, then its computational structure should be closely tailored to the details of condemnation mechanisms. This possibility underscores the need for a better understanding of condemnation, which is important not only in itself but also for explaining the nature of conscience. We outline three evolutionary mysteries of condemnation that require further attention: third-party judgment, moralistic punishment, and moral impartiality. 相似文献
119.
Robert Mark Simpson 《International Journal for Philosophy of Religion》2009,65(3):153-169
Proponents of the view which I call ‘moral antitheodicy’ call for the theistic discourse of theodicy to be abandoned, because,
they claim, all theodicies involve some form of moral impropriety. Three arguments in support of this view are examined: the
argument from insensitivity, the argument from detachment, and the argument from harmful consequences. After discussing the
merits of each argument individually, I attempt to show that they all must presuppose what they are intended to establish,
namely, that the set of premises advanced in any given theodicy will be untenable. I conclude by discussing what uses there
might be for the moral critique of theodicy, if it cannot be used to ground a global rejection of theodical practice. 相似文献
120.
In modern liberal societies people are generally reluctant to morally condemn acts that they find personally distasteful so long as those acts are not harmful or unfair to others. However, in providing character education for their children, parents often have to censure harmless but offensive acts. Thus, we hypothesize that the parental role broadens the scope of morality beyond narrow considerations of harm and fairness. To test this idea we asked parents and nonparents to morally evaluate harmless/offensive acts and a control harmful act. We manipulated whether the parental role was primed before they evaluated these acts. Parents and nonparents did not differ in their moral objections to the control act regardless of parental role priming. However, when the parental role was primed parents were more morally opposed to harmless but offensive acts than were nonparents. We discuss the implications of these results for understanding the dynamics of moral judgment and the recruitment of parents into moral reform movements. 相似文献