Marta Roczniewska;Susanne Tafvelin;Karina Nielsen;Ulrica von Thiele Schwarz;Edward J. Miech;Henna Hasson;Kasper Edwards;Johan Simonsen Abildgaard;Ole Henning Sørensen; 《Psychologie appliquee》2024,73(3):1103-1130

Organizational occupational health interventions (OOHIs) that are perceived by employees as relevant for their workplace are more likely to be implemented successfully, yet little is known about the conditions that produce such perceptions. This study identifies the conditions that create a perception among employees that an intervention fits their organization as well as the conditions that result in low levels of perceived fit. We used two-wave data from 40 Danish preschools that underwent a quasi-experimental OOHI. Perceived fit was assessed through employee ratings at follow-up, while survey responses from implementation team members at five time points were used to assess four context and 14 process factors. The results of a coincidence analysis showed that high levels of perceived fit were achieved through two paths. Each path consisted of a lack of co-occurring changes together with either very high levels of managerial support (path_1) or a combination of implementation team role clarity, staff involvement, and team learning (path_2). In contrast, low levels of perceived fit were brought about by single factors: limited leader support, low degree of role clarity, or concurrent organizational changes. The findings reveal the complexity involved in implementing OOHIs and offer insights into reasons they may fail.  相似文献   

    

Brooklyn J. Corbett  Jason M. Tangen 《Applied cognitive psychology》2024,38(6):e70010

In this study, we used think-aloud protocols to compare how 44 fingerprint examiners and 44 novices analysed prints. Through this qualitative approach, we discovered several notable differences. Experts focused on local ridge characteristics and minute details of each print, while novices concentrated more on global features. Additionally, experts demonstrated adaptability in dynamically planning their systematic approach and integrated specialised knowledge of causal factors affecting prints. In contrast, the novices relied more on general intuition. Furthermore, experts consistently displayed critical thinking and metacognition, carefully weighing the reliability of each identifying feature before making conclusions. However, there was variation in the precise evaluation approaches and conclusion thresholds among experts. Overall, these findings reveal the substantial complexity, adaptability and domain knowledge enhancing expert performance in fingerprint analysis. We discuss implications including balancing training of intuitive and analytical reasoning, implementing more detailed documentation, incorporating falsification practices and driving statistical advancements to strengthen evidence evaluation.  相似文献   

    

Paolo Valore; 《Metaphilosophy》2024,55(2):264-279

This article introduces a novel theoretical framework for addressing epistemic injustice—a phenomenon where certain groups or individuals are systematically excluded from knowledge creation and dissemination processes—by employing ontological relativity and conceptual analysis. “Ontological relativity” refers to a philosophical perspective that posits our understanding of reality as being shaped by our toolbox of concepts, categories, language, and social practices; “conceptual analysis” is a method of inquiry that involves the rigorous examination and deconstruction of a particular concept or set of concepts in order to uncover their constituent elements, relationships, and underlying assumptions. To exemplify the effectiveness of the ontology-based approach, two paradigmatic applications are explored: (a) educational practices and (b) clinical practice and access to health care. Through the presentation of these applications and the step-by-step illustration of the applied methodology, the aim of the article is to showcase the efficacy of ontology in tackling epistemic injustices, suggesting innovative paths for future research in this domain.  相似文献   

    

Laura Parks-Leduc;Susan L. Dustin;Gang Wang;Taylor W. Parks; 《Psychologie appliquee》2024,73(4):2263-2292

Does the configuration of personal values in teams matter to team performance? Drawing from research on team composition and personal values, we conduct two studies in an effort to answer this question. In Study 1, we develop a shorter and more reliable instrument to measure personal values, the Variable Length Values Inventory (VLVI), which is unique in that the overall length of the scale can be varied; the instrument can be as short as 26 items or as long as 60 items, depending on the research question(s) of interest. In Study 2, we utilize the VLVI to test the impact of team members' values (i.e., benevolence and achievement values) on team performance. Results from 48 teams demonstrated that team member benevolence values and achievement values were related to team performance. Additionally, the achievement values of the team leader impacted performance above and beyond the influence of other team members' values. Study 2 contributes to our understanding of team composition by examining the personal values of team members and the team leader.  相似文献   

    

Hannah Sawyer;Colin Bannard;Julian Pine; 《Developmental science》2024,27(6):e13543

There is substantial evidence that children's apparent omission of grammatical morphemes in utterances such as “She play tennis” and “Mummy eating” is in fact errors of commission in which contextually licensed unmarked forms encountered in the input are reproduced in a context-blind fashion. So how do children stop making such errors? In this study, we test the assumption that children's ability to recover from error is related to their developing sensitivity to longer-range dependencies. We use a pre-registered corpus analysis to explore the predictive value of different cues with regards to children's verb-marking errors and observe a developmental pattern consistent with this account. We look at context-independent cues (the identity of the specific verb being used) and at the relative value of context-dependent cues (the identity of the specific subject+verb sequence being used). We find that the only consistent effect across a group of 2- to 3-year-olds and a group of 3- to 4-year-olds is the relative frequency of unmarked forms of specific subject+verb sequences being used. The relative frequency of unmarked forms of the verb alone is predictive only in the younger age group. This is consistent with an account in which children recover from making errors by becoming progressively more sensitive to context, at first the immediately preceding lexical contexts (e.g., the subject that precedes the verb) and eventually more distant grammatical markers (e.g., the fronted auxiliary that precedes the subject in questions).  相似文献   

    

Holly C. Wiggins  Eileen M. Roscoe 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2020,53(2):997-1012

Although a demand analysis is helpful for identifying potential establishing operations for the functional analysis (FA) demand condition, it may not always be practical due to time constraints. A potential alternative is the Negative Reinforcement Rating Scale (NRRS), an indirect assessment tool that may serve as a time efficient alternative to a demand analysis. The experimenter assessed the reliability and validity of the NRRS for 5 individuals with autism spectrum disorder who exhibited problem behavior. Multiple types of interrater reliability were assessed across 2 informants, and NRRS outcomes were compared to a subsequent demand analysis and FA to assess its validity. Reliability was high (M = 84%) for NRRS numerical ratings of categories but low (M = 32.9%) for specific examples provided. NRRS-identified highly aversive tasks yielded better correspondence with demand analysis outcomes than did NRRS-identified less aversive tasks.  相似文献   

    

Meagan E. Sumter  Margaret R. Gifford  Jeffrey H. Tiger  Hannah M. Effertz  Caitlin J. Fulton 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2020,53(4):2319-2329

Functional Communication Training (FCT) involves arranging extinction for problem behavior and reinforcement for a more desirable, functionally equivalent, communicative response (FCR). Although effective under ideal arrangements, the introduction of delays to reinforcement following the FCR can result in increased problem behavior. Austin and Tiger (2015) showed that for individuals whose problem behavior was sensitive to multiple sources of reinforcement, providing access to alternative, functional reinforcers during delays mitigated this increase in problem behavior during delay fading. The current study replicated the procedures of Austin and Tiger with 2 individuals displaying multiply controlled problem behavior. Providing alternative functional reinforcers reduced problem behavior during 10-min delays for both participants without requiring delay fading.  相似文献   

    

L.D. Jelsma  R.H. Geuze  B.C.M. Smits-Engelsman 《Journal of motor behavior》2020,52(2):175-186

Abstract

Our study aimed to analyze movement control strategies using predefined criteria for amplitude and differences in these strategies between children with and without DCD. Children with (n?=?28) and without DCD (n?=?15) were included. A video-observation-tool was used to score the moving body parts during a Wii Fit slalom task over multiple time points. Two-step cluster analysis was used to extract distinct movement strategies. Two different movement strategies were identified that were independently validated by a measure of task performance and a subjective mark of quality of the movement. Initial differences between groups and changes over time toward the more successful strategy were found in both groups, albeit in a different percentage. This study shows that the more efficient movement strategy is seen in the majority of the TD children and only in a small number of children with DCD, even after practice.  相似文献   

Polar and Cartesian Structure in the Data of Fitts’s (1954) Classic Experiments—with a Criterion for Distinguishing a Strong and a Weak Version of Fitts’ Law     

Yves Guiard 《Journal of motor behavior》2020,52(3):271-293

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Ali B. Mahmoud  Dieu Hack-polay  Leonora Fuxman  Brenda Massetti  A. Zaher Al Samarh 《Scandinavian journal of psychology》2020,61(4):502-512

The purpose of this research is to construct and validate a multi-dimensional scale of Anti-social Behavior (hereafter ASB) in a Western higher education context (i.e., USA). To achieve this, four studies, each with a different sample, were performed. Study 1 (n = 150) followed an exploratory design to generate a pool of potential items measuring ASB. Study 2 (n = 254) explored the dimensionality of the items produced in Study 1 using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and reliability measures. Study 3 (n = 654) confirmed the factorial structure from Study 2 and assessed the measurement model invariance using structural equation modeling (SEM). Finally, Study 4 (n = 287) assessed the predictive validity of the ASB measure through testing a hypothetical path model linking ASB to narcissism and Machiavellianism via an SEM procedure. In total, our research findings conclude that the ASB measurement model is a two-factor multi-dimensional structure comprising: Interpersonal Antagonistic Behavior (six items) as well as Indirect Distractive Behavior (four items). The research and practical implications for universities are thereafter discussed.  相似文献