Reaction time (RT) in free association (FA) is assumed to consist of three components: stimulus word encoding, response selection, and response generation. The RT of word naming contains the first and third components only. If response selection is a serial voluntary search it can be manipulated by rewarding response speeding. This would lead the subject to terminate the search sooner. Thus, greater speeding will be achieved for delayed responses, for which search was long, than for undelayed ones. This differential speeding effect was observed in Experriment 1 ( N =17), in which the task was FA. Speeding effect was not differential in Experiment 2, in which the subjects ( N =16) were given a word naming task. Both of these experiments employed a between-subjects design. Their results were replicated in Experiment 3 ( N =13), which employed a within-subject design. The results, taken together, suggest that differential speeding is specific to response selection, in accordance with Flekkoy's (1973 a , 1981) voluntary selection model. However, they are inconsistent with the traditional associonistic models. 相似文献
In recent literature, the famous Millikan oil-drop experiment appears as a case of “good scientific judgment” on the one hand,
and scientific misconduct on the other. This article discusses different interpretations of the fact that Nobel laureate Robert
Millikan’s notebooks show that he eliminated a number of oildrops in his published 1913 paper on the charge of the electron,
while reporting that he had included all the drops. Starting with the common source of all Millikan stories, historian of
physics Gerald Holton’s 1978 paper, I discuss recent “canned” versions of Millikan-as-misbehaver in books on scientific fraud.
Then I examine some versions of Millikan-as-good-scientist, particularly the reconstruction by historian of physics Allan
Franklin, and the views of some practicing physicists. Finally, we have an instructive head-on collision between the two standard
treatments of Millikan. The problem with canned stories is not only insufficient information; we also lack a realistic evaluation
of the role of ethics in science. As a fundamentally knowledge-seeking enterprise, science may harbor an inherent, perhaps
irresolvable, conflict between scientific and ethical concerns.
The author’s special interests include standards for “good science”, science and values, and social psychology. 相似文献
Trust is a critical component of research: trust in the work of co-workers and colleagues within the scientific community;
trust in the work of research scientists by the non-research community. A wide range of factors, including internally and
externally generated pressures and practical and personal limitations, affect the research process. The extent to which these
factors are understood and appreciated influence the development of trust in scientific research findings. 相似文献
What makes a democratic school democratic? This question is answered using the example of the Swiss education system; the focus, however, is not on the usual pedagogic perspective of teaching democracy, but on the democratic organization of the education system. The discussion concentrates on two basic requirements for a democratic education organization: on the one hand, education for all under the equal rights premise calls for the definition of an educational minimum for all students. At the same time, defining this minimum presupposes selection among the students. For part of the students are -- through the use of public funds -- being educated beyond the minimum; a situation which needs to be democratically legitimized. The selection is based on academic performance; as yet, a valuable alternative to this type of selection does not exist. On the other hand, it is essential in a democratic education organization that the authorities put in charge of certain responsibilities are democratically legitimized and controlled. The same applies to newly created authorities, such as principalships or autonomous schools, the introduction of which has been demanded repeatedly for some time now.
The norms of scholarly discourse have traditionally excluded personal disclosures in conceptual articles, as if the subjective
nature of such revelations would be inconsistent with the scientific/objective stature of these works. Based on the author's
experience with a recent publication, based on recent studies of researcher projection and bias in case studies, and using
a framework of organizational communication, it is suggested here that there is indeed a contribution such disclosures can
make. It is not recommended that sharing on a personal level become a new norm, but rather that the choice to share be considered
as viable in a scholarly context. Five specific benefits of such sharing are listed, including unearthing and revealing bias,
demystifying the process of discovery, and avoiding the trap of defensive reasoning. 相似文献
The interview is the most widely used personnel selection method, but has revealed low reliability and validity compared with other selection methods (Mayfield 1964; Ulrich and Trumbo 1965; Schmitt 1976; Arvey 1979). Thirty-one studies on the validity of the interview were meta-analyzed. The result was an average validity coefficient of .27. The estimated true validity of the interview was calculated to be .38. These values indicated that the interview has moderate validity as a personnel selection device. Six characteristics of the interview were also examined in relation to the validity of the interview: structure of the interview; number of interviewers; length of the interview; gender of the applicant pool; blue-collar/white-collar jobs; and use of college students versus job applicants. The six study characteristics accounted for 30.9% of the variance in the validity of the interview. Structure of the interview appeared to be the only characteristic that moderated the validity of the interview. The relationship of this study to other meta-analyses of the employment interview is discussed. 相似文献