Distinguishing between authenticity and personality consistency in predicting well-being: A mixed method approach

Introduction

The relationship between role personality consistency and well-being is somewhat ambiguous, with past research relying on methods confounded by social desirability or role stereotypes, or conflating consistency with authenticity.

“What Makes a Cooperative Driver?” Identifying parameters of implicit and explicit forms of communication in a lane change scenario

An automated vehicle needs to learn how human road users communicate with each other in order to avoid misunderstandings and prevent giving a negative outward image during interactions. The aim of the present work is to develop an autonomous driving system which communicates its intentions to change lanes based on implicit and explicit rules used by human drivers. To reach this goal, we aimed at gaining a deeper understanding of which aspects of lane change behaviour makes them cooperative from the perspective of other drivers. Therefore a vehicle used various lane change announcement strategies by varying combinations of driving parameters in a static driving simulator. (First study: Start indicator signal, Waittime, lane change duration; Second study: Longitudinal acceleration). It’s impact on the perception and behaviour of other road users was observed in two studies (N = 25 per study). The results showed that the earlier the merging vehicle was indicating its intentions, the more cooperative it was perceived. When turning on the indicator at a later time participants considered it as more cooperative to merge with a slower or faster lane change duration or to wait longer in the lane before starting to move to the other lane. An early longitudinal acceleration when starting to change lanes is perceived more cooperative. These findings can be used to model a lane change strategy based on human behaviour, which will eventually lead to more acceptable and safer interactions between automated and non-automated road users.     

流畅体验、内/外动机、数学焦虑及数学成绩的路径分析

目的：研究旨在考察数学学习中的流畅体验,探讨流畅体验、内/外动机、数学焦虑及数学成绩的关系。方法：招募296名高中生,在数学月考后完成自编考试流畅体验量表、学习动机量表、数学焦虑量表。结果：路径分析表明,存在四条显著路径,即内部动机→流畅状态→数学成绩;数学焦虑→流畅状态→数学成绩;外部动机→流畅状态→数学成绩;外部动机→数学成绩。结论：只有通过考试过程中的流畅体验,内部动机和数学焦虑才能影响考试成绩。     

Task-defined associations are mode specific for selection of relevant dimension but mode independent for selection of location mapping

When compatible and incompatible mappings of a location-relevant task are mixed, or a location-relevant task is mixed with a task for which stimulus location is irrelevant, the benefit of the compatible mapping is eliminated for physical locations and enhanced for location words. Two experiments examined the influence of presenting the location information for the mixed conditions in different stimulus modes (physical location or word). Experiment 1 showed that the effects of mixing location-relevant and location-irrelevant tasks on the spatial compatibility and Simon effects are reduced when the location information is presented in different modes for the two tasks. Experiment 2 showed, in contrast, that the mode distinction had little influence on the effects of mixed compatible and incompatible mappings for location-relevant tasks: The compatibility effect was eliminated for physical locations and enhanced for words, as when there is no mode distinction. Thus, when location is relevant for one task and colour for the other, the task-defined associations of locations to responses are mode specific, but when location is relevant for both tasks, the associations are mode independent.     

Transcranial Doppler Ultrasonography Monitoring of Cerebral Hemodynamics During Performance of Cognitive Tasks: A Review

The examination of blood flow velocity (BFV) changes during the performance of mental tasks is one of the applications of transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasonography. The purpose of this review is to summarize the results of the functional TCD literature, to investigate the effects of methodological differences between studies, and to provide guidelines for future research. It is concluded that larger series of more homogeneous groups concerning age and handedness, and stricter criteria for subject selection and laboratory setting are required. The implication of quantitative and qualitative performance measures and psychological parameters (motivation, anxiety, and task anticipation) could also yield important information. We recommend future agreement upon a more standardized methodology. TCD promises to be a useful tool to provide further insight into the cerebral organization and temporal reactivity of the human brain.     

The significance of blushing for fair- and dark-skinned people

Since blushing is difficult to detect in people with dark skin, their experience of blushing may differ fundamentally from people with fair skin. To investigate this issue, cheek temperature and forehead blood flow were measured in 16 Caucasians and 16 Indians during mental arithmetic and singing. Caucasians (particularly females) thought that they blushed more intensely than Indians, and also reported greater self-consciousness when singing. Vascular responses did not differ between groups. However, skin tone moderated the association between vascular responses and ratings of self-consciousness, blushing intensity, blushing propensity and fear of negative evaluation. These findings support the notion that the visibility of blushing influences the nature of emotions experienced in embarrassing social encounters.     

事故多发驾驶员与安全驾驶员反应时的比较研究

本文对18名事故多发卡车驾驶员和18名安全卡车驾驶员的视觉、听觉简单反应时、选择反应时以及决策时间进行了比较研究.结果表明事故多发组卡车驾驶员的视觉、听觉简单反应时比安全组卡车驾驶员长,但差异不显著;事故多发组卡车驾驶员的视觉、听觉选择反应时与决策时间都比安全组卡车驾驶员长,且差异显著.本研究结果为我国深入开展驾驶员的选拔、培训与驾驶适应性检测提供理论依据与技术支持.     

动、静态视觉信息在真实世界视觉搜索中的作用

真实环境中的视觉搜索是人和动物赖以生存的重要能力。目前的视觉搜索研究多使用静态的观察者和静止的二维搜索对象, 侧重于探究注意在搜索中的作用; 现有的视觉搜索理论模型主要概括了影响搜索的自上而下的注意因素, 而将自下而上影响因素简单归结为影像显著性, 然而在真实环境中, 观察者或搜索对象是可以运动的, 搜索时可利用的视觉信息包括动态光流和静态影像结构信息。已有的视觉识别研究发现这两种信息相结合可以使观察者准确持久地识别场景、事件和三维结构。在现有视觉搜索理论模型中引入两种视觉信息可以较好还原真实环境中的搜索任务。我们提出研究构想和实验方案,探究利用动、静态视觉信息的视觉搜索过程, 从而完善现有的视觉搜索模型。我们认为充分利用环境信息可以提高搜索效率, 且在视觉搜索训练和智能搜索设计等方面有重要的应用价值。     

Prevalence of poor psychological morbidity following a minor road traffic accident (RTA): The clinical implications of a prospective longitudinal study

Few Road Traffic Accident (RTA) victims have their psychological needs attended to in hospital or afterwards. We conducted a small-scale preliminary investigation exclusively focussing on the prevalence of poor psychological morbidity following minor road traffic accidents (RTAs). Participants (N?=?50) completed assessments one-month after their minor RTA and (N?=?39) at 4-months follow-up. The identification of clinically significant anxiety, depression and post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in this minor RTA sample supports both evidence reported elsewhere and our specific predictions. Seven (14%) participants at baseline and five (12.8%) at follow-up met diagnostic criteria for PTSD. The clinical implications for identifying and meeting the psychological needs of minor RTA victims are discussed in the context of cognitive behavioural conceptualizations of mental disorder.     

The pop out of scene-relative object movement against retinal motion due to self-movement

An object that moves is spotted almost effortlessly; it "pops out". When the observer is stationary, a moving object is uniquely identified by retinal motion. This is not so when the observer is also moving; as the eye travels through space all scene objects change position relative to the eye producing a complicated field of retinal motion. Without the unique identifier of retinal motion an object moving relative to the scene should be difficult to locate. Using a search task, we investigated this proposition. Computer-rendered objects were moved and transformed in a manner consistent with movement of the observer. Despite the complex pattern of retinal motion, objects moving relative to the scene were found to pop out. We suggest the brain uses its sensitivity to optic flow to "stabilise" the scene, allowing the scene-relative movement of an object to be identified.