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351.
Justin E. Heinze Allison Krusky‐Morey Kevin J. Vagi Thomas M. Reischl Susan Franzen Natalie K. Pruett Rebecca M. Cunningham Marc A. Zimmerman 《American journal of community psychology》2018,62(1-2):101-109
Lack of maintenance on vacant neighborhood lots is associated with higher levels of depression, anxiety, and stress for nearby residents. Overgrown grasses and dense brush provide hiding spots for criminals and space to conduct illicit activities. This study builds upon previous research by investigating greening programs that engage community members to conduct routine maintenance on vacant lots within their neighborhoods. The Clean & Green program is a community‐based solution that facilitates resident‐driven routine maintenance of vacant lots in a midsized, Midwestern city. We use mixed effects regression to compare assault and violent crime counts on streets where vacant lot(s) are maintained by community members (N = 216) versus streets where vacant lots were left alone (N = 446) over a 5‐year timeframe (2009–2013). Street segments with vacant lots maintained through the Clean & Green program had nearly 40% fewer assaults and violent crimes than street segments with vacant, abandoned lots, which held across 4 years with a large sample and efforts to test counterfactual explanations. Community‐engaged greening programs may not only provide a solution to vacant lot maintenance, but also work as a crime prevention or reduction strategy. Engaging the community to maintain vacant lots in their neighborhood reduces costs and may increase the sustainability of the program. 相似文献
352.
Our research examines how prior group collaboration modulates later individual memory. We recently showed that repeated collaborative recall sessions benefit later individual recall more than a single collaborative recall session (Blumen & Rajaram, 2008). Current research compared the effects of repeated collaborative recall and repeated collaborative recognition on later individual recall and later individual recognition. A total of 192 participants studied a list of nouns and then completed three successive retrieval sessions in one of four conditions. While two collaborative recall sessions and two collaborative recognition sessions generated comparable levels of individual recall (CRecall-CRecall-I Recall ~ CRecognition-CRecognition-I Recall , Experiment 1a), two collaborative recognition sessions generated greater levels of individual recognition than two collaborative recall sessions (CRecognition-CRecognition- IRecognition > CRecall-CRecall- I Recognition , Experiment 1b). These findings are discussed in terms of two opposing mechanisms that operate during collaborative retrieval—re-exposure and retrieval disruption—and in terms of transfer-appropriate processing across collaborative and individual retrieval sessions. 相似文献
353.
This study investigated the effects of stimulus presentation modality on working memory performance in children with reading disabilities (RD) and in typically developing children (TDC), all native speakers of Greek. It was hypothesized that the visual presentation of common objects would result in improved learning and recall performance as compared to the auditory presentation of stimuli. Twenty children, ages 10–12, diagnosed with RD were matched to 20 TDC age peers. The experimental tasks implemented a multitrial verbal learning paradigm incorporating three modalities: auditory, visual, and auditory plus visual. Significant group differences were noted on language, verbal and nonverbal memory, and measures of executive abilities. A mixed-model MANOVA indicated that children with RD had a slower learning curve and recalled fewer words than TDC across experimental modalities. Both groups of participants benefited from the visual presentation of objects; however, children with RD showed the greatest gains during this condition. In conclusion, working memory for common verbal items is impaired in children with RD; however, performance can be facilitated, and learning efficiency maximized, when information is presented visually. The results provide further evidence for the pictorial superiority hypothesis and the theory that pictorial presentation of verbal stimuli is adequate for dual coding. 相似文献
354.
Chrisantha Fernando 《Cognitive Science》2013,37(8):1426-1470
How do human infants learn the causal dependencies between events? Evidence suggests that this remarkable feat can be achieved by observation of only a handful of examples. Many computational models have been produced to explain how infants perform causal inference without explicit teaching about statistics or the scientific method. Here, we propose a spiking neuronal network implementation that can be entrained to form a dynamical model of the temporal and causal relationships between events that it observes. The network uses spike‐time dependent plasticity, long‐term depression, and heterosynaptic competition rules to implement Rescorla–Wagner‐like learning. Transmission delays between neurons allow the network to learn a forward model of the temporal relationships between events. Within this framework, biologically realistic synaptic plasticity rules account for well‐known behavioral data regarding cognitive causal assumptions such as backwards blocking and screening‐off. These models can then be run as emulators for state inference. Furthermore, this mechanism is capable of copying synaptic connectivity patterns between neuronal networks by observing the spontaneous spike activity from the neuronal circuit that is to be copied, and it thereby provides a powerful method for transmission of circuit functionality between brain regions. 相似文献
355.
工作记忆会影响时距加工吗?这是一个值得关注的问题。为此,该研究采用双任务范式,选择1~6秒为考察对象,操纵时距编码阶段的工作记忆负荷,以平均复制时距、比率分数及差异系数为因变量指标,旨在探讨不同工作记忆负荷对时距加工的影响。结果发现,1秒、2秒、3秒平均复制长度、复制准确性及变异性不随记忆负荷的大小而变化,4秒、5秒及6秒的平均复制长度随着记忆负荷变大而缩短、复制准确性随着记忆负荷变大而降低、复制变异性随着记忆负荷变大而增大。这意味着工作记忆对时距加工影响具有选择性,可以由时距加工分层机制假说得以解释。 相似文献
356.
357.
358.
Georg Northoff 《Journal for General Philosophy of Science》2004,35(1):91-127
The term ``neurophilosophy' is often used either implicitly or explicitly for characterizing the investigation of philosophical
theories in relation to neuroscientific hypotheses. The exact methodological principles and systematic rules for a linkage
between philosophical theories and neuroscientific hypothesis, however, remain to be clarified. The present contribution focuses
on these principles, as well as on the relation between ontology and epistemology and the characterization of hypothesis in
neurophilosophy. Principles of transdisciplinary methodology include the `principle of asymmetry', the `principle of bi-directionality'
and the `principle of transdisciplinary circularity'. The `principle of asymmetry' points to an asymmetric relationship between
logical and natural conditions. The `principle of bi-directionality' claims for the necessity of bi-directional linkage between
natural and logical conditions. The `principle of transdisciplinary circularity' describes systematic rules for mutual comparison
and cross-conditional exchange between philosophical theory and neuroscientific hypotheses. The relation between ontology
and epistemology no longer is determined by ontological presuppositions i.e. ``ontological primacy'. Instead, there is correspondence
between different `epistemological capacities' and different kinds of ontology which consecutively results in ``epistemic
primacy' and ``ontological pluralism'. The present contribution concludes by rejecting some so-called `standard-arguments'
including the `argument of circularity', the `argument of categorical fallacy', the `argument of validity' and the `argument
of necessity'.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
359.
We review findings from our programmatic research on adult daughters who are simultaneously involved in the roles of employee and care provider to an impaired parent. Two opposing theoretical perspectives on the health effects of occupying these two roles are described, and empirical findings that bear on each perspective are presented. Our review reveals that, consistent with the competing demands perspective, parent care and employment often conflict with one another. Consistent with the energy expansion perspective, however, there is evidence that holding these two roles can be beneficial for the health of adult daughters. 相似文献