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101.
Peter Vitaliano Diana Echeverria Mary Shelkey Jianping Zhang James Scanlan 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2007,14(3):177-190
The current study evaluated whether psychological distress (composite of depression, anxiety, vital exhaustion), inflammation
(C-reactive protein, CRP) and cognitive function (Digit Symbol Test, DST) and their changes mediated the relationship between
caregiver status and functional decline. Caregivers for spouses with Alzheimer’s disease were compared to demographically-similar
non-caregiver spouses at study entry (T1), T2 (1 year later), and T3 (2 years after T1). Caregivers had greater functional
impairment, higher distress scores, and poorer DST scores at all points of measurement and also showed functional decline.
Non-caregivers did not demonstrate functional decline. Caregivers declined 85% faster than did non-caregivers. Regressions
showed that after controlling for functional impairment at T1, illness, medication, and health behavior covariates, psychological
distress at T1 and increases in CRP from T1 to T3 mediated the difference in functional decline. Moreover, after DST decline
from T1 to T2 was entered in the model, caregiver status, psychological distress and increases in inflammation all showed
reductions in their predictive importance. These findings suggest psychological distress and increases in inflammation may
help explain why caregivers show greater functional decline than non-caregivers. However, the influences of these psychophysiological
variables may be driven in part by cognitive decline prior to functional decline.
This article is based upon an invited address, “Potential Hazards of Caring for a Loved One with Alzheimer’s Disease” given
by the first author in recognition of the author’s receipt of the Association of Psychologists in Academic Health Centers
2005 Award for Distinguished Achievement in Research. The address was presented at the Annual meeting of the American Psychological
Association, New Orleans, LA., August, 2006. 相似文献
102.
The distinct definition of stress postulated by Buddhist and Western cultures is the foundation for their different coping
styles, traditions, and practices. Dukkha, derived from Buddha’s Four Noble Truths, appears on the surface similar to psychological stress. Further examination of
the Eastern cosmology yields a fundamental disagreement between Western psychological theory and Buddhists’ conception of
suffering and stress related to incorporating reality into the formulation. Cross-cultural research on traditional approaches
to coping with occupational stress found that problem solving was the most effective strategy, however in Thailand meditation
helped nurses cope with a variety of stressors such as dealing with death and dying.
Paul Tyson Ph.D is a professor of psychology and teaches perception, Western and Eastern consciousness at Brock University,
St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada L2S 3A1. His research publications have ranged from lucid dreams to memory enhancement after
drinking alcohol, but his primary focus has been on EEG biofeedback, stress management, and current cross-cultural publications
are on how Buddhists cope with stress. Correspond with Paul Tyson via e-mail at tyson@brocku.ca
Rana Pongruengphant R.N., Ph.D. is an associate professor in the Faculty of Nursing and Vice-President for Academic Affairs
at Burapha University, Bangsaen, Chonburi, Thailand 20131. She teaches nursing administration, nursing research and computers
for research. Her publications ranged from nursing administration, nursing practice, nursing education, and cross-cultural
studies of coping with occupational stress.Correspond with Rana Pongruengphant via e-mail at rena@bucc.ac.th 相似文献
103.
In recent decades, the age of marriage in many minority Muslim communities has risen so that significant numbers of Muslims
in these contexts are remaining unmarried into their late 20 s and beyond. As with other communities in Western contexts,
Muslim communities have also experienced a rising divorce rate, leading to many more single women. These social and demographic
changes, combined with traditional attitudes towards female sexuality and virginity, have led to a rise in the number of women
who have either never had a sexual encounter or who no longer have sexual encounters. Cultural discourses surrounding virginity
and female celibacy frequently conflate the virtue of refusing sexual encounters outside of marriage with happiness and satisfaction
at ‘choosing the right path’. However, these discourses negate or downplay women’s sexual desires and result in women often
feeling trapped into having to perform the ‘myth of the happy celibate’. To disrupt this myth is to unleash the potentially
destructive power of female sexuality, while to openly challenge it is to risk being positioned as a ‘slut’.
相似文献
Shakira HusseinEmail: |
104.
Coping with challenge and hindrance stressors in teams: Behavioral,cognitive, and affective outcomes
Matthew J. Pearsall Aleksander P.J. Ellis Jordan H. Stein 《Organizational behavior and human decision processes》2009
The purpose of this study was to utilize the challenge–hindrance framework to examine the discrete and combined effects of different environmental stressors on behavioral, cognitive, and affective outcomes at the team level. Results from 83 teams working on a command and control simulation indicated that the introduction of a challenge stressor positively affected team performance and transactive memory. The introduction of a hindrance stressor negatively affected team performance and transactive memory and positively affected psychological withdrawal. When the hindrance stressor was combined with the challenge stressor, teams exhibited the lowest levels of performance and transactive memory, and the highest levels of psychological withdrawal. These effects were due to the adoption of specific coping strategies by team members. Implications are discussed, as well as limitations and directions for future research. 相似文献
105.
The two main objectives of this research were to determine whether Type A cognitions are related to a broader range of symptoms
than has traditionally been studied and to determine possible mediating variables. Past research and theory suggest that Type
A individuals not only experience but also generate stress and interpersonal conflict (i.e., in keeping with a psychosocial
vulnerability model). This psychosocial vulnerability may put Type A individuals at greater risk of experiencing a wide array
of physical and psychological symptoms well beyond coronary heart disease (CHD), the health outcome typically investigated.
Stress, interpersonal and non-interpersonal in nature, and perceived social support, were explored as possible mediators in
the Type A cognition-symptoms relationship using structural equation modelling (SEM) in a university sample. Non-interpersonal
stress and interpersonal stress mediated both the Type A cognition-psychological symptoms relationship and the Type A cognition-physical
symptoms relationship. However, perceived social support only mediated the Type A cognition-psychological symptoms relationship.
Results indicate that Type A individuals may experience psychosocial vulnerability, particularly reporting stress, which may
put them at risk for the experience of negative health outcomes. Implications for cognitive therapy are discussed.
相似文献
Donna I. PickeringEmail: |
106.
This mail survey measured post-traumatic stress symptoms, spiritual and non-spiritual coping strategies, and positive spiritual
outcomes following the tragedies of 9/11/01 in a national, random sample of 1,056 Presbyterians. Respondents reported mild
to moderate degrees of re-experiencing and hyper-arousal symptoms of post-traumatic stress, unrelated to location or knowing
someone involved. People experiencing high stress used greater frequency and variety of both spiritual and non-spiritual types
of coping strategies. Positive spiritual outcomes were remarkably related to positive spiritual coping strategies, in contrast
to no association with negative coping. This study illustrates the significant degree of post-traumatic stress experienced
with vicarious exposure and a wide spectrum of coping strategies used following the major terrorist attacks.
相似文献
John P. Marcum |
107.
Paul D. Hastings Isabel Fortier William T. Utendale Louise R. Simard Philippe Robaey 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2009,37(4):565-578
Disruptions to hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function have been associated with varying forms of psychopathology
in children. Studies suggesting children with ADHD have blunted HPA function have been complicated by the prevalence of comorbid
diagnoses and heterogeneity of ADHD. The goals of this research were to assess the relations between waking and stress–response
salivary cortisol levels and comorbid disruptive behavior (DBD) and anxiety (AnxD) disorders and problems in boys with ADHD,
and to examine whether cortisol levels varied across ADHD subtypes. One hundred seventy elementary school-age boys with ADHD
provided salivary cortisol at waking and in reaction to venipuncture. Parent reports were used to assess boys’ psychiatric
diagnoses and severity of behavioral problems. Boys’ comorbid AnxD and anxiety problems were associated with greater cortisol
reactivity, whereas boys’ comorbid DBD and oppositional problems predicted diminished adrenocortical activity. Reactive cortisol
increases were greatest in boys with ADHD and comorbid AnxD, but without DBD. ADHD subtypes were not differentially associated
with waking, pre-stress baseline, or reactive cortisol levels. However, comorbid DBD predicted decreased cortisol reactivity
in boys with inattentive and hyperactive subtypes of ADHD, but not in boys with combined subtype of ADHD. The results clarify
previous patterns of distinct and divergent dysregulations of HPA function associated with boys’ varying kinds of psychopathology.
相似文献
Paul D. HastingsEmail: |
108.
Thomas F. Denson Emma C. Fabiansson J. David Creswell William C. Pedersen 《Motivation and emotion》2009,33(1):42-48
Emerging research suggests that rumination increases risk for negative health outcomes. In the first experiment to investigate
cortisol responses during angry rumination, participants were provoked and induced to engage in self-focused rumination, provocation-focused
rumination, or distraction. Consistent with social threat theory, self-focused rumination maintained high levels of cortisol
following provocation, whereas provocation-focused rumination and distraction facilitated decreases in cortisol. However,
even within the provocation-focused rumination condition, adopting an emotionally reactive, self-immersed perspective was
associated with higher levels of cortisol as were thoughts about the self. Individual differences in displaced aggression
but not general aggression were also positively associated with cortisol levels in the provocation-focused condition. The
present findings shed light on rumination styles and cortisol responses in ways that may have long-term consequences for health
and well-being.
相似文献
Thomas F. DensonEmail: |
109.
110.
Steven K. Reader Lindsay M. Stewart James H. Johnson 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2009,16(2):148-160
The Disruptive Behavior Stress Inventory (DBSI) was developed to provide information related to the occurrence and severity
of stressors that result from having a child with ADHD. Data provided in the initial 2002 study by Johnson and Reader (Journal
of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 9, 51–62) provided good preliminary support for the reliability of the DBSI, as
well the ability of the scale scores to differentiate primary caregivers of children with and without a history of ADHD. The
present study was an attempt to replicate major findings of the 2002 study using an additional larger sample and extend it
by conducting item-level analyses to determine the degree to which individual DBSI items differentiate primary caregivers
of children with and without a history of ADHD. Results provided additional support for the reliability and validity of the
DBSI by replicating major findings from the 2002 study and further suggesting that a large majority of the 40 items individually
differentiate between primary caregivers of children with and without a history of ADHD. 相似文献