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931.
Daniel K. Mroczek Avron Spiro III Nicholas A. Turiano 《Journal of research in personality》2009,43(4):653-659
Studies have shown that higher levels of neuroticism are associated with greater risk of mortality. Yet what accounts for this association? One major theoretical position holds that persons higher in neuroticism engage in poorer health behaviors, such as smoking and excessive drinking, thus leading to earlier death. We tested this hypothesis using 30-year mortality in 1788 men from the VA Normative Aging Study. Using proportional hazards (Cox) models we found that one health behavior, smoking, attenuated the effect of neuroticism on mortality by 40%. However, 60% remained unexplained, suggesting that the effects of other pathways (e.g., biological) also influence the relationship between neuroticism and mortality. 相似文献
932.
The long-term relationship between lower intelligence and mortality risk in later life is well established, even when controlling for a range of health and sociodemographic measures. However, there is some evidence for differential effects in various domains of cognitive performance. Specifically, tests of fluid intelligence may have a stronger association with mortality than do tests of crystallized intelligence. The present study examines the relationship between intelligence and mortality in a sample of 896 Australian community-dwelling males and females, aged 70–97 at recruitment and followed for up to 17 years. There were 687 deaths during the follow-up period. Cox proportional hazard regression models examined whether the relationship between intelligence and mortality might be mediated by socioeconomic status, by health behaviors, by health status, or a combination of these. Higher fluid intelligence — as measured by the Symbol–Letter Modalities Test — was strongly associated with lower mortality rates (Hazard ratio = 0.80; 95% confidence interval = 0.72–0.88), even after accounting for any combination of potential mediators and confounders. A significant association between crystallized intelligence, as measured by the National Adult Reading Test, and mortality (HR = 0.89; 95% CI = 0.80–0.99) was attenuated by the inclusion of socioeconomic, health status measures, and health behavior measures and when deaths from the first four years of the study were excluded. The findings show little support for the hypothesized mechanisms of the intelligence–mortality relationship. 相似文献
933.
Zhen Zhang Michael J. Zyphur Jayanth Narayanan Richard D. Arvey Sankalp Chaturvedi Bruce J. Avolio Paul Lichtenstein Gerry Larsson 《Organizational behavior and human decision processes》2009,110(2):93
Extending previous research on the genetic underpinnings of entrepreneurship, we investigate gender differences in the genetic influences on the tendency of people to become entrepreneurs. We also examined two mediating variables through which genetic factors may impact this tendency: extraversion and neuroticism. Based on 1285 pairs of identical twins (449 male and 836 female pairs) and 849 pairs of same-sex fraternal twins (283 male and 566 female pairs), we found that females have a strong genetic influence and zero shared-environmental influences on their tendency to become entrepreneurs. In contrast, males show zero genetic influence, but a large shared-environmental influence. Extraversion and neuroticism mediate the genetic influences on women’s tendency to become entrepreneurs, whereas extraversion mediates shared-environmental influences on men’s tendency to become entrepreneurs. We discuss this sharp difference in genetic influences on entrepreneurship across gender groups and highlight the different challenges that men and women face in their entrepreneurial endeavors. 相似文献
934.
Patrick J. Rottinghaus Charles K. Hees Julia A. Conrath 《Journal of Vocational Behavior》2009,75(2):139-151
Investigations addressing the match between vocational interests and satisfaction have emphasized higher-order dimensions (e.g., Holland themes) and specific occupational scales. Although support exists at these levels of analysis for the hypothesis that congruence between interests and work environments yields satisfaction, limitations of these perspectives frequently result in small effect sizes or inconclusive results. This study examined the capacity of content scales of the 2005 Strong Interest Inventory, including the General Occupational Themes (GOTs) and Basic Interest Scales (BISs), in predicting job satisfaction across 22 samples comprising 9647 working adults. Hypothesized multivariate sets of content scales, and predicted individual GOTs and BISs demonstrated significant group differences. Sequential discriminant function analyses demonstrated that sets of hypothesized BISs significantly distinguished between satisfied and dissatisfied workers beyond the six Holland themes in 17 of the 22 occupational samples. The authors discuss practical implications of interpreting BISs to augment Holland themes related to job satisfaction. 相似文献
935.
Daniel Bruns John Mark Disorbio 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2009,16(2):127-147
There is a growing body of evidence that psychosocial variables have a significant ability to predict the outcome of medical
treatment procedures, especially when the procedure is performed to reduce pain. The study described in this paper serves
as an illustration of the valuable role psychologists can play in dealing with the challenges of biopsychosocial assessment
of patients who are candidates for medical treatments, especially elective, invasive procedures. Based on a convergent model
of risk factors that can potentially influence outcomes from spinal surgery and spinal cord stimulation, exclusionary and
cautionary risk factors were identified, and the BHI 2 and BBHI 2 tests were used to assess them. An estimate of the prevalence
of these risk factors was calculated using data obtained from 1,254 patient and community subjects gathered from 106 sites
in 36 US states. Standardized Cautionary Risk and Exclusionary Risk scores demonstrated a test-retest reliability of .85 to
.91. Evidence of validity of these scores was also provided based on subjective and objective criteria, using multiple groups
of patients and community subjects. Recommendations are made regarding how biopsychosocial assessments could be used in collaborative
settings for presurgical candidates to identify risks that could compromise a patient’s ability to benefit from other medical
treatments as well. Once identified, appropriate interventions could ameliorate these risks, or lead to the consideration
of other treatments that are more likely to be effective. Methods of refining this approach for specific clinical applications
are also discussed. 相似文献
936.
Patricia J. Robinson Kirk D. Strosahl 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2009,16(1):58-71
This article provides an overview of 20 years of professional experiences with developing and implementing a model for integrating
behavioral health services into primary care. The Primary Care Behavioral Health (PCBH) model is designed to provide immediate
access to behavioral care for a large number of primary care patients by positioning a behavioral health consultant in the
exam room area to function as a core member of the primary care team. In an initial era of discovery, the authors were directly
involved in developing and testing a variety of new approaches to providing behavioral health services in general medicine.
In a second era focused on feasibility, the authors worked with Kaiser Permanente, the United States Air Force and Navy, the
Veteran’s Administration, and the Bureau of Primary Care to system test this innovative model of integrated care. Now in an
era devoted to dissemination, the authors review the various roles formal research, system level quality improvement initiatives
and stakeholder analysis play in promoting integrated care. The authors also describe current efforts to (1) create a tool
that helps systems develop integration targets and (2) use the PCBH model as a platform for teaching medical residents and
behavioral health providers to work together in a redesigned primary care team model. 相似文献
937.
Addressing the Workforce Crisis in Integrated Primary Care 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
938.
Two-dimensional (2D) displays of real three-dimensional (3D) objects are frequently used experimental tools in animal studies. Whether marmoset monkeys, with their highly diverse and complex anti-predation strategies, readily recognized 2D representations of potential threats has yet to be determined, as seen in other primates. Thus, the behavioral responses of adult captive black tufted-ear marmosets (Callithrix penicillata) toward an unfamiliar motionless snake-model and its photograph were assessed. Pictorially naïve subjects were randomly divided into two groups (n = 12/each) and submitted to two trials. Group 1 was initially exposed to the 3D object and after 1 week to its photograph. Group 2 was first presented the picture and only tested with the real object 1 week later. All 15-min trials were divided into three consecutive 5-min intervals: pre-exposure, exposure and post-exposure. In the presence of the 3D snake object, regardless of its presentation order, the frequency of direct gazes, head-cocks, tsik-tsik alarm/mobbing calls and genital displays increased significantly. The photograph induced a similar response, although only when the object had been previously presented, as significantly higher levels of these behaviors were seen in Group 1 than Group 2. Proximity to the stimulus, aerial scan, terrestrial glance, displacement activities and locomotion were not consistently influenced by the stimuli’s presence and/or order of presentation. Therefore, marmosets recognized and responded appropriately to biologically and emotionally relevant 3D and 2D stimuli. Since the aversive/fearful reactions toward the photograph were only seen after the snake object had been presented, the former seems to be essentially a learned response. 相似文献
939.
The psychometric properties of the new German versions of the Driver Skill Inventory (DSI) and the Driver Social Desirability Scales (DSDS) were examined. The DSI is a self-report measure assessing perceptual-motor skills and the safety motive as two important aspects of driving behavior. Self-report measures, however, are susceptible to socially desirable responding (SDR) which is why both general and specific driving-related SDR scales have been developed: Based on the Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding (BIDR), the DSDS taps Driver Impression Management and Driver Self-Deception as two important aspects of SDR. In two validation studies with less experienced (N = 130) and experienced drivers (N = 1199), both inventories showed the expected two-factor structure and satisfactory internal consistency. In Study 1, self-ratings were compared with and confirmed by peer-ratings. In both studies, we accumulated evidence of convergent and discriminant validity for the German version of the DSI by correlating it with demographic, driving-specific, and personality measures, including the Big Five, Type A behavior, and sensation seeking. The DSI seemed to be only marginally contaminated by SDR. 相似文献
940.
ObjectivesTest the relationships between implicit gender stereotypes and perceptions of resistance training pleasantness, resistance training motivation, and participation among men and women. Test whether gender role moderates the effect of stereotypes on resistance training participation in men and women.DesignImplicit associations between resistance training and masculinity and pleasantness were measured using an Affect Misattribution Procedure (AMP). Moderated mediation analyses were conducted to test motivation as a mediator of the relationship between implicit associations and behavior.MethodParticipants (n = 170; 46% male) completed an AMP and measures of motivation for and participation in resistance training.ResultsWomen's implicit associations between exercise and masculinity were not associated with their motivation for or participation in resistance training. The strength of men's implicit masculinity-resistance training association was negatively related to minutes of resistance training per week, mediated by lower autonomous motivation, 95%CI [−419.15 to −11.10]. The association between implicit resistance training pleasantness and behavior was mediated by autonomous motivation in women, 95%CI [2.54 to 313.55], with similar trends in men 95%CImen [−3.00 to 320.38].ConclusionBased on these findings, implicit associations with masculinity are not associated with women's participation in exercise. However, implicitly endorsing gender-stereotypes for resistance training is associated with lower participation rates in men. 相似文献