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151.
构成理论认为,读者在阅读记叙文篇章时,试图构成一个有意义的情景参照模式以表达读者的目标、篇章连贯性以及解释文中为何提到所描述的行为、事件及情景,其中推论生成是一个重要环节。而推论可分为十三类,有六类属线上生成,五类属脱线生成,有两类难以确定.需考虑语用因素,其中有些推论因读者目标不同而有特殊性。构成理论还认为,除了局部推论和整体推论外,其它推论都与读者的世界知识有关。该者目标满足,局部与整体连贯实现,以及外显信息解释决定着对记叙文篇章的理解。 相似文献
152.
Yuji Kuroda 《The Journal of psychology》2016,150(3):358-370
Previous studies have indicated that objective stress—negative events that have actually occurred outside of individuals—is involved in processes of dysfunctional attitudes leading to depression. Subjective stress—individuals' perception of negative events that have not actually occurred outside of them—is also predicted to be involved in these processes. However, few studies have empirically investigated this prediction. The primary purpose of this study was to fill this gap by testing the hypothesis that dysfunctional attitudes lead to depression by generating subjective stress. A longitudinal design was employed and initial depression was controlled. The results supported the hypothesis. It was also found that initial depression fostered subsequent depression by generating subjective stress. This study contributes to the literature on depression mechanisms by elucidating that subjective stress plays an important role in the development and exacerbation of depression. This study also has important clinical implications as it suggests that preventing subjective stress in individuals with dysfunctional attitudes or depression helps to protect the development or exacerbation of their depression. 相似文献
153.
154.
Bod R 《Cognitive Science》2009,33(5):752-793
While rules and exemplars are usually viewed as opposites, this paper argues that they form end points of the same distribution. By representing both rules and exemplars as (partial) trees, we can take into account the fluid middle ground between the two extremes. This insight is the starting point for a new theory of language learning that is based on the following idea: If a language learner does not know which phrase-structure trees should be assigned to initial sentences, s/he allows (implicitly) for all possible trees and lets linguistic experience decide which is the "best" tree for each sentence. The best tree is obtained by maximizing "structural analogy" between a sentence and previous sentences, which is formalized by the most probable shortest combination of subtrees from all trees of previous sentences. Corpus-based experiments with this model on the Penn Treebank and the Childes database indicate that it can learn both exemplar-based and rule-based aspects of language, ranging from phrasal verbs to auxiliary fronting. By having learned the syntactic structures of sentences, we have also learned the grammar implicit in these structures, which can in turn be used to produce new sentences. We show that our model mimicks children's language development from item-based constructions to abstract constructions, and that the model can simulate some of the errors made by children in producing complex questions. 相似文献
155.
In trying to control various aspects concerning utterance production in multi-party human–computer dialogue, argumentative
considerations play an important part, particularly in choosing appropriate lexical units so that we fine-tune the degree
of persuasion that each utterance has. A preliminary step in this endeavor is the ability to place an ordering relation between semantic
forms (that are due to be realized as utterances, by the machine), concerning their persuasion strength, with respect to certain
(explicit or implicit) conclusions. Thus, in this article, we propose a mechanism for assessing utterances, in terms of their
argumentative force. The framework designed conflates insights from Asher and Lascarides’ SDRT (“Segmented Discourse Representation Theory”),
and from Anscombre and Ducrot’s AT (“Argumentation Theory”). These mechanisms are included in a language generation component
of a multi-party dialogue system for book reservation applications (i.e., a “virtual librarian”), and thus evaluated via typical
human–machine conversations.
相似文献
Jean CaelenEmail: |
156.
该文在新一代测验理论的视角下,以几何类比推理测验为研究对象,以认知策略的诊断为目的,研究更能引发被试的规则构建策略或选项剔除策略的项目的特征。研究结果表明,项目中元素数量是影响被试使用规则构建策略或选项剔除策略的关键因素,元素数量越多时越倾向于用规则构建策略,而元素数量越少时倾向于用选项剔除策略。研究结果可直接用于测验设计,使得测验能更多在某一策略的框假下分析描述被试特征。 相似文献
157.
言语产生中的韵律生成 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
首先描述了韵律生成的相关模型。然后以研究的问题为着眼点,回顾了言语产生中韵律生成的相关研究。发现大多数研究结果都证明,在单词产生过程中,存在一个独立于音段内容的抽象韵律结构,其中包含了词的重音模式和音节数量等信息;在短语和句子产生过程中,韵律结构和停顿模式都不是完全决定于句法结构,而具有相对的独立性;句子韵律产生的最佳单位是韵律词。语言学韵律产生的脑区激活呈左侧化趋势。 相似文献
158.
In this study, we investigate idea generation by conducting a diary study. We hypothesized that idea generation depends on problem identification, and that this relation is moderated by two factors: (a) the number of social interactions an individual has with “non‐redundant” network connections, and (b) an individual's level of vigor. The hypotheses were tested by making use of a diary study among 31 employees of a Dutch applied university over a period of 2 weeks. Results showed that idea generation results from the identification of problems that require new ideas to solve them. An individual's number of social interactions and the level of redundancy of these social interactions moderated this relation. The level of vigor of an individual did not predict idea generation, but results suggest that vigor is needed for interacting with others. Furthermore, this study contributes to the creativity research using a new approach to look at the effects of social interactions by relating them to the overall structure of social networks. 相似文献
159.
160.
《Journal of Employment Counseling》2017,54(1):38-46
The importance of a college degree is underscored by higher unemployment rates of individuals who have not completed college (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2014 ). Academic and career self‐efficacy influence students' completion of college, and 1st‐generation college students and those under financial strain may experience decreased self‐efficacy (Wohlgemuth et al., 2007 ). Participants in this study (N = 383) were college students at a 4‐year university. Results from a 2 × 3 multivariate analysis of variance and discriminant function analysis revealed significant differences in academic and career self‐efficacy based on financial stress, but not generational status. 相似文献