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21.
22.
The possibility of obtaining locally optimal solutions with categorical data is pointed out for the original version of OSMOD development by Saito and Otsu. A revision of the initialization strategy in OSMOD is suggested, and its effectiveness in diminishing this possibility is demonstrated. 相似文献
23.
Information on response requirements compared with information on food density as a reinforcer of observing in pigeons 总被引:3,自引:3,他引:0 下载免费PDF全文
Dinsmoor JA Bowe CA Green L Hanson J 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》1988,49(2):229-237
On a variable-interval schedule, pecking the key to the pigeon's right (observing response) produced red or green displays relating to the delivery of grain and its dependence on pecking the key to the left (food key). During various blocks of sessions, mixed (no stimulus change) schedules including the following pairs of components were temporarily converted by the observing response to their corresponding multiple (correlated stimuli) schedules: variable-interval 60-s, extinction; variable-interval 60-s, variable-time (response-independent) 60-s; extinction, variable-time 60-s. Differences in food delivery maintained substantial rates of responding on the observing key, without regard to pecking requirements on the food key. Although stimuli correlated with differences in the response requirement on the food key maintained higher observing rates than those maintained by uncorrelated stimuli, they were much lower than those based on food. The value of predictive stimuli as reinforcers is determined by the value of the events predicted. In particular, the cost of pecking appears to be low, and this may place limitations on the applicability of energy-based and economic models of behavior. 相似文献
24.
Clustering with relational constraint 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The paper deals with clustering problems where grouping is constrained by a symmetric and reflexive relation. For solving clustering problems with relational constraints two methods are adapted: the standard hierarchical clustering procedure based on the Lance and Williams formula, and local optimization procedure, CLUDIA. To illustrate these procedures, clusterings of the European countries are given based on the developmental indicators where the relation is determined by the geographical neighbourhoods of countries.Extended version of the paper presented at the European meeting of the Psychometric Society, Groningen, June, 19–21, 1980.This work was supported in part by the Boris Kidri Fund, Yugoslavia. 相似文献
25.
The present experiment arranged a series of inverted U-shaped feedback functions relating reinforcer rate to response rate to test whether responding was consistent with an optimization account or with a one-to-one relation of response rate to reinforcer rate such as linear system theory's rate equation or Herrnstein's hyperbola. Reinforcer rate was arranged according to a quadratic equation with a maximum at a unique response rate. The experiment consisted of two phases, during which 6 Long Evans rats lever pressed for food. In the first phase of the experiment, the rats responded on six fixed-interval-plus-quadratic-feedback schedules, and in the second phase the rats responded on three variable-interval-plus-quadratic-feedback schedules. Responding in both phases was inconsistent with a one-to-one relation of response rate to reinforcer rate. Instead, different response rates were obtained at equivalent reinforcer rates. Responding did vary directly with the vertex of the feedback function in both phases, a finding consistent with optimization of reinforcer rate. The present results suggest that the feedback function relating reinforcer rate to response rate imposed by a reinforcement schedule can be an important determinant of behavior. Furthermore, the present experiment illustrates the benefit of arranging feedback functions to investigate assumptions about the variables that control schedule performance. 相似文献
26.
Michaela Knecht Alexandra M. Freund 《European Journal of Developmental Psychology》2017,14(3):350-366
The current study investigated the use of selection, optimization, and compensation (SOC) in association with momentary goal conflict and facilitation in middle adulthood. In contrast to previous studies on SOC that focused on the habitual use of the SOC-strategies, the current study investigated the momentary SOC-use in the everyday lives of adults who face the developmental challenge of combining the demands of multiple life domains (e.g., work, family, leisure). In a sample of N = 89 employed middle-age adults, momentary SOC-use as well as momentary goal conflict and facilitation were assessed in a measurement burst design encompassing 20 days (M = 126 measurement points per person). Time-lagged analyses showed that momentary goal conflict was positively related to subsequent optimization and compensation, and momentary goal facilitation lead to lower subsequent loss-based selection and compensation. In contrast, SOC predicted neither subsequent goal conflict nor facilitation. Thus, the use of SOC-strategies seems to be a response to – rather than an antecedent of - currently experienced goal relations (conflict, facilitation), underscoring the importance of these strategies for managing multiple goals. 相似文献
27.
Baum WM 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》1981,36(3):387-403
The interaction between instrumental behavior and environment can be conveniently described at a molar level as a feedback system. Two different possible theories, the matching law and optimization, differ primarily in the reference criterion they suggest for the system. Both offer accounts of most of the known phenomena of performance on concurrent and single variable-interval and variable-ratio schedules. The matching law appears stronger in describing concurrent performances, whereas optimization appears stronger in describing performance on single schedules. 相似文献
28.
JOHANNES JAHN 《Journal of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis》1997,6(1):17-24
In this paper we investigate the image of a polyhedral set under a linear map. Moreover, we present an algorithm for the determination of so-called minimal facets and certain minimal irredundant proper edges of a convex polyhedral set in ℝ3. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
29.
This paper presents a multiple-objective metaheuristic procedure—Pareto simulated annealing. The goal of the procedure is to find in a relatively short time a good approximation of the set of efficient solutions of a multiple-objective combinatorial optimization problem. The procedure uses a sample, of so-called generating solutions. Each solution explores its neighbourhood in a way similar to that of classical simulated annealing. Weights of the objectives, used for their local aggregation, are tuned in each iteration in order to assure a tendency for approaching the efficient solutions set while maintaining a uniform distribution of the generating solutions over this set. A computational experiment shows that the method is a better tool for approximating the efficient set than some previous proposals. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
30.
An important feature of distance-based principal components analysis, is that the variables can be optimally transformed.
For monotone spline transformation, a nonnegative least-squares problem with a length constraint has to be solved in each
iteration. As an alternative algorithm to Lawson and Hanson (1974), we propose the Alternating Length-Constrained Non-Negative
Least-Squares (ALC-NNLS) algorithm, which minimizes the nonnegative least-squares loss function over the parameters under
a length constraint, by alternatingly minimizing over one parameter while keeping the others fixed. Several properties of
the new algorithm are discussed. A Monte Carlo study is presented which shows that for most cases in distance-based principal
components analysis, ALC-NNLS performs as good as the method of Lawson and Hanson or sometimes even better in terms of the
quality of the solution.
Supported by The Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) by grant nr. 030-56403 for the “PIONEER” project “Subject
Oriented Multivariate Analysis” to the third author. We would like to thank the anonymous referees for their valuable remarks
that have improved the quality of this paper. 相似文献