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961.
Spatial aspects of words are associated with their canonical locations in the real world. Yet little research has tested whether spatial associations denoted in language comprehension generalize to their corresponding images. We directly tested the spatial aspects of mental imagery in picture and word processing (Experiment 1). We also tested whether spatial representations of motion words produce similar perceptual-interference effects as demonstrated by object words (Experiment 2). Findings revealed that words denoting an upward spatial location produced slower responses to targets appearing at the top of the display, whereas words denoting a downward spatial location produced slower responses to targets appearing at the bottom of the display. Perceptual-interference effects did not obtain for pictures or for words lacking a spatial relation. These findings provide greater empirical support for the perceptual-symbols system theory ( Barsalou, 1999, 2008 ). 相似文献
962.
Performance is often impaired linearly with increasing angular disparity between two objects in tasks that measure mental rotation or object recognition. But increased angular disparity is often accompanied by changes in the similarity between views of an object, confounding the impact of the two factors in these tasks. We examined separately the effects of angular disparity and image similarity on handedness (to test mental rotation) and identity (to test object recognition) judgments with 3-D novel objects. When similarity was approximately equated, an effect of angular disparity was only found for handedness but not identity judgments. With a fixed angular disparity, performance was better for similar than dissimilar image pairs in both tasks, with a larger effect for identity than handedness judgments. Our results suggest that mental rotation involves mental transformation procedures that depend on angular disparity, but that object recognition is predominately dependent on the similarity of image features. 相似文献
963.
Peltzer K 《International journal of psychology》2009,44(5):378-386
An increasing trend of noncommunicable diseases is a worldwide phenomenon, also including the developing countries. Few studies focus on adolescents' substance use in relation to mental distress and protective factors in African countries. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence and correlates (mental distress and protective factors) of substance use among school-going adolescents in six African countries. The sample included 20,765 students aged from 13 to 15 years from six African countries (Kenya, Namibia, Swaziland, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe), chosen by a two-stage cluster sample design to represent all students in grades 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 in each country. The measure used was part of the Global School-Based Health Survey (GSHS) questionnaire, including various domains of health behaviour. Results indicate a prevalence of 12.6% tobacco use (past month), 6.6% risky alcohol use (two or more per day for at least 20 days or more in the past month), and 10.5% of illicit drug use (three or more times ever) in school-going adolescents in six African countries. School truancy, loneliness, sleeping problems, sadness, suicidal ideation, suicide plans, and poverty were associated with substance use (tobacco, alcohol, illicit drugs), while school attendance and parental supervision and connectedness were protective factors for substance use, and peer support protective for tobacco use. It is concluded that tobacco use, risky drinking and illicit drug use were common, clustered together and were associated with school truancy, mental distress, and lack of parental and peer support among adolescent African school children. These findings stress the need for early and integrated prevention programmes. 相似文献
964.
Nicholas A. Cummings Janet L. Cummings William O’Donohue 《Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy》2009,39(1):7-15
Psychology has been fractionated from mainstream healthcare delivery and this schism has resulted in huge costs to psychologists and our intended customers. Psychology has also been naïve economically. The authors suggest three revolutions: (1) for clinical psychology to be better integrated into the healthcare delivery system; (2) for psychologists to better understand healthcare economics and business; and (3) for psychologists to become more entrepreneurial, i.e., see needs in healthcare (such as those of the elderly, obesity, improved access and value through ehealth) and systematically fill these. We note high quality businesses help many individuals (customers, family members, employees) not typically recognized by anti-business psychologists. 相似文献
965.
Mark W. Roosa Scott R. Weaver Rebecca M. B. White Jenn-Yun Tein George P. Knight Nancy Gonzales Delia Saenz 《American journal of community psychology》2009,44(1-2):15-27
In this study, a person-environment fit model was used to understand the independent and combined roles of family and neighborhood characteristics on the adjustment of adults and children in a sample of 750 Mexican American families. Latent class analysis was used to identify six qualitatively distinct family types and three quantitatively distinct neighborhood types using socioeconomic and cultural indicators at each level. The results showed that members of single-parent Mexican American families may be particularly at-risk, members of the lowest-income immigrant families reported fewer adaptation problems if they lived in low-income neighborhoods dominated by immigrants, members of economically successful immigrant families may be more at-risk in integrated middle class neighborhoods than in low-income neighborhoods dominated by immigrants, and members of two-parent immigrant families appear to be rather resilient in most settings despite their low socioeconomic status. 相似文献
966.
Neural resources subserving spatial processing in either egocentric or allocentric reference frames are, at least partly, dissociated. However, it is unclear whether these two types of representations are independent or whether they interact. We investigated this question using a learning transfer paradigm. The experiment and material were designed so that they could be used in a clinical setting. Here, we tested healthy subjects in an imagined viewer-rotation task and an imagined object-rotation task. The order of the tasks was counterbalanced across subjects. The results showed that subjects who did the viewer-rotation task first had fewer errors and shorter latencies of response in the object-rotation task, whereas subjects who did the object-rotation task first had little if any advantage in the viewer-rotation task. In other words, the results revealed an asymmetric learning transfer between tasks, which suggests that spatial representations are hierarchically organized. Specifically, the results indicate that the viewer-rotation task engaged allocentric representations and egocentric representations, whereas the object-rotation task engaged only egocentric representations. 相似文献
967.
Effects of action on children’s and adults’ mental imagery 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Andrea Frick Moritz M. Daum Margaret Wilson 《Journal of experimental child psychology》2009,104(1):34-51
The aim of this study was to investigate whether and which aspects of a concurrent motor activity can facilitate children’s and adults’ performance in a dynamic imagery task. Children (5-, 7-, and 9-year-olds) and adults were asked to tilt empty glasses, filled with varied amounts of imaginary water, so that the imagined water would reach the rim. Results showed that in a manual tilting task where glasses could be tilted actively with visual feedback, even 5-year-olds performed well. However, in a blind tilting task and in a static judgment task, all age groups showed markedly lower performance. This implies that visual movement information facilitates imagery. In a task where the tilting movement was visible but regulated by means of an on-and-off remote control, a clear age trend was found, indicating that active motor control and motor feedback are particularly important in imagery performance of younger children. 相似文献
968.
Arlene Rubin Stiffman Eddie Brown Stacey Freedenthal Laura House Emily Ostmann Man Soo Yu 《Journal of child and family studies》2007,16(3):331-346
We present data from interviews with 401 youths on the relationship of personal, familial, and environmental strengths to
the outcomes of urban and reservation American Indian youths. Urban youths consistently nominated more strengths than tribal
youths, except in the area of tribal strengths. Quantitative data show how those strengths relate to their school success,
daily functioning, mental health, and ethnic identity. Personal and familial strengths are related to positive school success
and functioning. Environmental strengths demonstrate complex relationships in which tribal strengths are related to increased
mental health problems and school strengths are related to fewer problems. The results of our study speak to the need to include
multiple categories of different strengths in research and to focus on strengths as well as problems in clinical interventions. 相似文献
969.
Rachel A. Haine Lauren Brookman-Frazee Katherine H. Tsai Scott C. Roesch Ann F. Garland 《Journal of child and family studies》2007,16(5):712-728
We investigated the extent to which clinician-assigned diagnoses of emotional and behavioral disorders and clinicians’ perceptions
of client change are consistent with structured measures of youth clinical functioning and parent/family characteristics within
the context of usual care or “real world” psychotherapy. A total of 54 therapists from two publicly-funded youth outpatient
mental health clinics and 128 youths and parents from the therapists’ combined caseloads were included in the study. Clinician-assigned
diagnosis and youth and family demographics were collected at the initial visit, clinician-reported perceived client change
was collected at 6-month follow-up, and structured measures of youth clinical functioning and parent/family characteristics
were collected at both time points. Results indicate some overlap between clinician-assigned diagnosis, clinician-reported
perceived client change, and structured measures of youth clinical functioning and parent/family characteristics after controlling
for demographic factors. Results are discussed in terms of implications for the implementation of evidence-based practices
in real world community settings. 相似文献
970.
Keith Morgen Janetta Astone-Twerell Ted Hernitche Lauren Gunneson Kaitlyn Santangelo 《Applied research in quality of life》2007,2(4):239-246
Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in substance abusers remains an area of inquiry in need of investigation. The few studies
on the topic have found substance abuser HRQOL less than that of the general population. The present research compared 303
substance abusers in long-term residential therapeutic community treatment in New York with a general non-institutionalized
adult sample from New York (N = 27,465) whose data were collected between 2002 and 2006 during the yearly administrations of the Behavioral Risk Factor
Surveillance System (BRFSS), a state-based system of health surveys gathering data from upwards of 350,000 adults per year
across all 50 states. One sample t-tests found that the in-treatment substance abusers reported significantly more physically
and mentally unhealthy days over the past 30 days, as well as significantly more inactive days over the past 30 days due to
illness. 相似文献