排序方式: 共有93条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
71.
Threat detection is an important skill for police officers, but few studies have examined the impact of processing strategies on this ability. The first aim of our study was to compare the visual detection of threatening and neutral targets in 38 police trainees and 53 police officers. The other aims were to examine the effect of emotional or semantic strategies on this process and the effect of psychopathological symptoms. In a visual search task, participants had to detect a threatening or neutral target among neutral distractors. Participants answered a question used to induce a more emotional or semantic processing strategy. Results revealed that threatening targets were detected faster than neutral ones. This effect was enhanced with an emotional processing strategy but unaffected by symptoms. Processing strategy also had led to faster reaction time overall. This study shows that inducing processing strategies can influence threat detection in police trainees and officers. 相似文献
72.
本研究采用联结再认范式考察联结记忆中感知觉水平和概念加工程度对图片优势效应的影响。实验1通过呈现清晰或模糊的词语或图片对操纵了感知觉水平,结果发现只有在清晰条件下图片优势效应才会出现;实验2则在模糊条件下通过要求被试想象两个项目之间的关系操纵了概念加工程度,结果发现在有概念加工条件下,出现了图片优势效应。研究结果表明:(1)降低的感知觉水平会导致联结记忆中的图片优势效应消失;(2)对模糊项目对进行概念加工会使联结记忆中出现图片优势效应。 相似文献
73.
Shoji Itakura 《The Journal of general psychology》2013,140(2):101-109
In the present study, we investigated how 3- and 4-year-old children perceived mirror-image stimuli traced on their foreheads. First, the subjects were taught matching-to-sample tasks with symmetrically shaped and asymmetrically shaped figures (called mirror-image stimuli) on cards. Then the subjects were taught cutaneous perception of a figure traced by the experimenter's finger on the forehead. Last, the subjects were tested with mirror-image stimuli in cutaneous perception tasks. The results of these experiments indicated that the subjects who could discriminate the mirror-image stimuli could also perceive asymmetrical stimuli as mirror reversals. 相似文献
74.
Katie E. Cherry Karri S. Hawley Erin M. Jackson Julia Volaufova L. Joseph Su S. Michal Jazwinski 《Memory (Hove, England)》2013,21(7):728-741
We examined memory for pictures and words in middle-age (45–59 years), young-old (60–74 years), old-old (75–89 years), and the oldest-old adults (90–97 years) in the Louisiana Healthy Aging Study. Stimulus items were presented and retention was tested in a blocked order where half of the participants studied 16 simple line drawings and the other half studied matching words during acquisition. Free recall and recognition followed. In the next acquisition/test block a new set of items was used where the stimulus format was changed relative to the first block. Results yielded pictorial superiority effects in both retention measures for all age groups. Follow-up analyses of clustering in free recall revealed that a greater number of categories were accessed (which reflects participants’ retrieval plan) and more items were recalled per category (which reflects participants’ encoding strategy) when pictures served as stimuli compared to words. Cognitive status and working memory span were correlated with picture and word recall. Regression analyses confirmed that these individual difference variables accounted for significant age-related variance in recall. These data strongly suggest that the oldest-old can utilise nonverbal memory codes to support long-term retention as effectively as do younger adults. 相似文献
75.
76.
Barnett KJ Finucane C Asher JE Bargary G Corvin AP Newell FN Mitchell KJ 《Cognition》2008,106(2):871-893
The term synaesthesia has been applied to a range of different sensory-perceptual and cognitive experiences, yet how these experiences are related to each other is not well understood. Not only are there disparate types of synaesthesia, but even within types there are vast individual differences in the way that stimuli induce synaesthesia and in the subjective synaesthetic experience. An investigation of the inheritance patterns of different types of synaesthesia is likely to elucidate whether a single underlying mechanism can explain all types. This study is the first to systematically survey all types of synaesthesia within a familial framework. We recruited 53 synaesthetes and 42% of these probands reported a first-degree relative with synaesthesia. We then directly contacted as many first-degree relatives as possible and collected complete data on synaesthetic status for all family members for 17 families. We found that different types of synaesthesia can occur within the same family and that the qualitative nature of the experience can differ between family members. Our findings strongly indicate that various types of synaesthesia are fundamentally related at the genetic level, but that the explicit associations and the individual differences between synaesthetes are influenced by other factors. Synaesthesia thus provides a good model to explore the interplay of all these factors in the development of cognitive traits in general. 相似文献
77.
John D. Robinson Kenneth P. MetoyerJr. Neil Bhayani 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2008,15(2):134-139
Male breast cancer is a serious issue that needs to be addressed more fully by the medical and public community. However,
due to a lack of awareness and limited research on the topic, there is a general absence of knowledge concerning the psychological
implications of this disease in men as well as a need for greater understanding of the medical diagnosis and treatment of
male breast carcinoma. Similarly, there still remains a considerable gender difference between the awareness of female breast
cancer and male breast cancer Although breast cancer in men makes up only 1% of all breast cancers reported in the United
States, it is increasing in incidence. There are approximately 2000 new cases and approximately 450 deaths due to male breast
cancer each year. Breast cancer diagnosis and treatment in men is very similar to that described in women, however, it has
been shown that men are being diagnosed at a later stage of the disease than women. 相似文献
78.
动态面孔表情优势效应是指较静态面孔表情而言, 个体在识别动态的面孔表情时表现出较好的识别能力。动态面孔表情优势效应的心理机制主要涉及增强的构形加工、补偿角色和面孔模仿能力。此外, 该优势效应的神经网络则由核心的神经网络和扩展的神经网络组成, 前者主要负责早期的知觉编码和刺激的运动加工, 而后者与个体的面孔模仿能力、刺激的动态表征等有关。今后的研究应集中在完善延伸的神经网络、拓展其心理机制; 开展动态面孔表情优势效应的发展性研究; 考察面孔表情的刚性运动特征; 注重在虚拟现实环境下研究动态面孔表情的优势效应。 相似文献
79.
Everybody Will Win,and All Must Be Hired: Comparing Additivity Neglect with the Nonselective Superiority Bias
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Two streams of research looking at referent‐dependent judgments from slightly different angles are subadditivity research and research on the nonselective superiority bias. Both biases violate basic formal constraints: the probabilities of a set of exclusive events cannot add up to more than 100%, and a set of attractive candidates cannot all be rated as superior to the group mean. We examine in three experiments how these two biases are related, by asking the same participants to perform both kinds of tasks on the same material. Both biases appear to be widespread, even for sets where all alternatives are presented together, but they differ in the way they are affected by response format and experimental setup. Thus, presenting participants with an unbiased set of ratings will reduce but not normalize their probability estimates of the same alternatives; while presenting them with an unbiased (additive) set of probabilities will make most alternatives appear inferior to the group mean, inverting the superiority bias. Self‐reports reveal that additivity neglect and the nonselective superiority bias can be based on two main response‐strategies: (i) considering each alternative independently or (ii) comparing alternatives, while neglecting their complementarity. In both cases, assessments will be the outcome of a compromise between the perceived “absolute” merits of each alternative, its standing relative to referents, and properties of the response scale. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
80.
The quest for effective medicines is very old. In modern times two important tools have been developed to evaluate efficacy
of drugs: superiority and non-inferiority types of clinical trials. The former tests the null hypothesis of μ (the difference
between a tested drug and comparator) ≤ 0 against μ > 0; the latter tests the null hypothesis of μ ≤ - Δ against, μ > - Δ,
where Δ is the clinical difference from the comparator. In a superiority trial, a new drug is tested against a placebo; in
a non-inferiority trial, a new drug is tested against active treatment. In this paper, arguments are presented to show that
a superiority trial against a placebo is scientifically sound but ethically unacceptable, whereas a non-inferiority trial
against active treatment is ethically sound but scientifically not reliable. Switching from a superiority type of trial with
placebo to a non-inferiority trial with an active-control — following the latest revision of Declaration of Helsinki — is
in practice switching from the violation of the uncertainty principle to uncertainty of results. Given human and financial resources, it appears an academic question as to which is more unethical:
to violate patients’ rights or to produce results without scientific value. All presented considerations lead to the conclusion
that the use of a superiority trial of design with an active control instead of placebo will satisfy scientific needs, expectation
of patients, and the ancient quest for effective medicines.
In the era of Good (Clinical, Laboratory, Manufacture) Practice, the attention of those performing clinical trials is focused
on the procedure, not always on its essence. However even the excellent performance of a trial which is not worth doing is
fruitless.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at an international conference, “Placebo: Its Action and Place in Health Research
Today,” held in Warsaw, Poland on 12–13 April, 2003. 相似文献