Eliciting intelligence from sources informed about counter‐interrogation strategies: An experimental study on the Scharff technique

The Scharff technique aims to elicit information by affecting the source's perception of the interviewer's existing knowledge. Although the technique has been found to be effective for gathering new information, countermeasures to the technique have not been examined. In a 2 × 2 between‐subjects experiment, we informed half of the 120 sources about the counter‐interrogation strategy of carefully considering the interviewer's prior knowledge and the tactic of providing information perceived as already known to the interviewer. After this, sources were interviewed with the Scharff technique or the Direct approach, widely used in human intelligence‐gathering situations and consisting of open‐ended and direct questions. We found that “informed sources” did not succeed in revealing information already known to the interviewer, where informed sources and uninformed sources revealed known information to a similar degree (1.62 pieces vs. 1.65 pieces). Sources interviewed with the Direct approach (vs. Scharff technique) revealed a larger amount of information previously known to the interviewer (2.18 pieces vs. 1.08 pieces). When interviewed with the Scharff technique, sources informed about the counter‐interrogation strategy attempted to adopt more counter‐interrogation strategies. The present study replicates earlier research on the Scharff technique as a technique effective in affecting the source's perception of the interviewer's prior knowledge. The results of the current study indicate that both the Scharff technique and the Direct approach might be similarly robust against counter‐interrogation strategies, in terms of gathering new information. Future studies should focus on implementing more comprehensive training in counter‐interrogation strategies for the sources.     

共同方法偏差检验：问题与建议

检验共同方法偏差(CMB)已经成为心理学实证研究中的一个环节。本文从数学模型角度分析方法变异(CMV)的影响,并讨论了CMB常用的检验法——Harman单因子法、控制未测量的潜在方法因子(ULMC)法、验证性因子分析(CFA)标签变量法的检验力。Harman单因子法检验力很低,ULMC法检验力中等,CFA标签变量法检验力虽然较高但问题也不少。提出一个好的检验法应当满足的三个特点：符合CMV的数学模型、评价标准不受非CMV来源的影响、对CMV、CMB的变化敏感。最后给出CMB检验的建议。     

正念的心理和脑机制

正念是源于东方禅修的一种有意识、非评判的对当前状态进行注意的方法, 也是一种意识状态或心理过程。其早期研究侧重于各种身心疾病的治疗和康复等临床功效, 近年来其研究重点逐渐转向各种作用机制。在心理机制上, 正念与感知觉敏感性的变化, 注意、记忆和情绪的改善有关。在脑机制上, 它不仅与额区θ波和枕区γ波以及事件相关电位P300成分的变化有关还与前额叶、扣带回、脑岛等脑区功能激活和结构改变有关。最后, 文章指出了目前正念研究在内容和方法学上的不足以及未来研究的方向。     

意象对话技术治疗老年抑郁症的疗效观察

采用临床对照方法探讨意象对话技术对老年抑郁症的疗效,170例老年抑郁症患者随机分为2组,在应用5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂（SSRIs）类抗抑郁药物治疗的基础上采用不同心理治疗方法：意象组采用意象对话技术;CBT 组采用支持性心理治疗和认知行为技术。所有患者随访一年,用汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）进行评定。结果表明意象对话技术对老年抑郁症的疗效与CB T疗效相当,且见效快,复发率低。利用其躯体出现的症状、感觉进行意象引导处理,可快速消除或减轻其身心痛苦,证实了意象对话技术可以在老年抑郁症中应用。     

人类增强技术的伦理考量

人类增强技术作为利用高新技术提高人类机体功能或能力的一种技术干预手段,是对人类身体进行的一种技术上的改变,这必然在“人是什么”、社会公平、安全与自主权等方面引发一定的社会伦理问题。而这正是对“人是目的,而不仅仅是手段”这一绝对律令的违背。由此需要对人类增强技术进行全面的评估,从坚守“增强底线原则”、相关法规的制定和加强伦理审查等方面采取有效对策,预防或减少不良后果的产生。这样才能保证人类增强技术的发展做到有效性与合理性、真理性与价值性、安全性与效益性的完美统一。     

White matter development during adolescence as shown by diffusion MRI

Previous volumetric developmental MRI studies of the brain have shown white matter development continuing through adolescence and into adulthood. This review presents current findings regarding white matter development and organization from diffusion MRI studies. The general trend during adolescence (age 12–18 years) is towards increasing fractional anisotropy (FA) with age and decreasing mean diffusivity (MD) with age, findings primarily due to decreasing radial diffusivity with age. However, results of studies vary as to the regional specificity of such age-related changes, likely due in part to methodological issues. Another general trend is for FA to positively correlate and MD to negatively correlate with cognitive function. This trend is however region-specific, task-specific, and population-specific; some studies have in fact found negative correlations of FA and positive correlations of MD in specific regions with specific measures of cognitive performance. There are also published reports of sexual dimorphism in white matter development, indicating differing developmental trajectories between males and females as well as differing relationships developmentally between white matter architecture and cognitive function. There is a need for more research to further elucidate the development of white matter and its relation to cognitive function during this critical developmental period.     

阅读知觉广度眼动研究述评

文章述评了测量阅读知觉广度的实验范式,并对阅读知觉广度的研究成果以及影响阅读知觉广度大小的因素进行小结,最后对国内研究阅读知觉广度需要注意的问题进行了讨论。     

多属性决策任务中焦虑型个体的信息加工特点研究

该研究以多属性职业选项为材料,采用计算机化的信息板技术初步考察了焦虑型个体在多属性决策过程中的信息加工特点,结果表明焦虑型个体与非焦虑个体的决策过程有所不同。主要表现在与非焦虑型的决策者相比,焦虑型的被试在决策过程中对职业属性的加工时间更长,加工的信息也更多;在决策前后他们对完成决策任务的信心水平评估都很低,但是在搜索模式上焦虑型的决策者与非焦虑型的决策者没有差别。在研究的讨论部分对焦虑型个体决策过程中信息加工特点的原因进行了分析。     

防御性医疗行为研究进展及启示

介绍了防御性医疗行为在国内外的研究背景,指出防御性医疗行为在我国现行社会环境下存在的客观必然性,并分析了开展防御性医疗行为研究的重要性。探讨了防御性医疗行为的研究方法,通过德尔菲法初步给出了防御性医疗行为在我国的界定标准和开展具体调查研究的思路。     

Ethical dilemmas of Turkish counsellors: a critical incidents study

Ethical dilemmas from a national purposive sample of Turkish counsellors (N = 172) were collected using critical incidents technique. Content analysis was performed with open coding guided by the classification of American Counseling Association code of ethics. Incidents regarding confidentiality and privacy (56.4%), with 37.1% involving incidents of reporting child sex abuse, had the highest percentage of prevalence. Dilemmas involving conflicts with school principals ranked second (16.3%), while incidents regarding dual relationships and boundaries (14%) ranked third. Implications for the development of a research-based and culturally sensitive code of counselling ethics in Turkey are discussed, and recommendations for future research are provided.