1898-1978:重新界定现代文学史的时间距离

不同的文学史观念隐含着对文学这一艺术形式的不同看法 ,而文学理念是随着时代、环境和不同的个体、空间而变化着的 ,这给不同的文学史观从不同的角度提供了存在的合理性。既然是“史” ,对它的分析评判就必须尊重具体的历史时代和历史语境 ;谈到分期 ,就必须找出最能体现其命运发生转折或改变的临界点。本文从社会生产力的发展程度及文学自身的性格特征出发 ,重新界定现代文学史的时间跨度为 1898至 1978年     

On ego development and the structure of personality

present a theory of ego development as composed of several substructures related so that achievement of a given stage in one substructure is necessary but not sufficient for achieving the corresponding stage of another. The postulation of an exact relation belies what is known of the texture of human behavior and is premature in the absence of precise measurement of the several substructures and precise matching of stages. An alternative, the empirical method of simultaneously constructing a measure of ego development and portraits of the several stages, which Snarey et al. criticize for lack of strict logical coherence, is in the best tradition of contemporary science. The stage portraits are “prototypes” or “fuzzy sets.” Any mental structure can be divided into substructures, but the most general, superordinate structure is likely to prove most useful.     

Mental capacity,mental effort,and cognitive style

This study tests the relationship between two theoretical models of human attentional capacity: Pascual-Leone's mental capacity and Kahneman's mental effort. It was found that significant and positive correlations exist between the empirical measures of the above constructs, and the relationship is demonstrated via construct validation by showing that the two constructs relate in the same manner to the subject's cognitive style (i.e., field-dependence/independence).