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861.
Dean Keith Simonton 《Political psychology》2006,27(4):511-526
Individual differences in intelligence are consistently associated with leader performance, including the assessed performance of presidents of the United States. Given this empirical significance, IQ scores were estimated for all 42 chief executives from George Washington to G. W. Bush. The scores were obtained by applying missing-values estimation methods (expectation-maximization) to published assessments of (a) IQ (Cox, 1926; n = 8), (b) Intellectual Brilliance (Simonton, 1986c; n = 39), and (c) Openness to Experience (Rubenzer & Faschingbauer, 2004; n = 32). The resulting scores were then shown to correlate with evaluations of presidential leadership performance. The implications for George W. Bush and his presidency were then discussed. 相似文献
862.
Lara Descartes 《Journal of Adult Development》2006,13(3-4):137-147
Qualitative data are used to examine parents’ support to their adult children, and their motivations and feelings about it.
The sample is 40 adult children and parents from four racial/ethnic groups: African-Americans, Asian-Americans, non-Latino
Whites, and Latinos. Ideals of adult independence versus interdependence emerge as determinants of feelings about aiding adult
children. The ambivalence concept provides the means to elucidate the tensions between these ideologies and children’s structurally
shaped circumstances. Parental assistance to adult children was seen as acceptable for education, home ownership, and on behalf
of young children, especially if the child was “working hard.” Parents still provided aid, however, even if these conditions
were not met. In these situations, more intrafamilial tension characterized the aid transfer. 相似文献
863.
This paper presents a theoretical framework that advances current understanding of motivational and affective causes and consequences
of small group processes and behaviors. Theories on the approach and avoidance systems of motivation state that these systems
are active in the presence of potential positive or negative outcomes, respectively. In many instances, groups are associated
with rewards and are perceived to facilitate positive outcomes (“strength in numbers”), and are a source of security and thought
to reduce the occurrence of negative outcomes (“safety in numbers”). Accordingly, group membership and interaction should
impact activation of group members’ approach and avoidance motivation systems. Thus, systematic group influences on mood,
information processing, perceptions, attention, and behavior should be expected. The integration of approach and avoidance
theories with small group research can potentially broaden our knowledge of the group experience, and lead to a theoretical
framework for investigations of goal-directed behaviors in group settings. 相似文献
864.
IQ and the wealth of states 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
In IQ and the Wealth of Nations (2002), Lynn and Vanhanen estimate the mean IQs of 185 nations and demonstrate that national IQs strongly correlate with the macroeconomic performance of the nations, explaining about half of the variance in GDP per capita. I seek to replicate Lynn and Vanhanen's results across states within the United States. I first estimate “state IQs” from the SAT data, and show that the state IQs correlate moderately with the economic performance of the states, explaining about a quarter of the variance in GSP (gross state product) per capita. 相似文献
865.
Kanazawa [Kanazawa, S. (2006). IQ and the wealth of states. Intelligence, 34, 593–600.] offered estimates of state IQ derived from SAT data. The purpose of this commentary is to argue that state preferences for the use of the ACT versus the SAT create biased estimates of SAT-derived state IQ for states where the ACT is more frequently used than the SAT. This error can be reduced by using both ACT and SAT data to estimate state IQ. An IQ estimate based on a ACT-SAT composite and a NAEP-derived state IQ estimate were compared as predictors of three wealth variables. Both IQ estimates cause one to conclude that states with higher mean IQ have larger gross state product per capita, higher median incomes, and a lower percentage of their population in poverty. 相似文献
866.
Who's Gay? Does It Matter? 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Ritch C. Savin-Williams 《Current directions in psychological science》2006,15(1):40-44
ABSTRACT— To answer the question "Who's gay?"—and its logical follow-up, "Does it matter?"—researchers usually define homosexuality with reference to one of three components or expressions of sexual orientation: sexual/romantic attraction or arousal, sexual behavior, and sexual identity. Yet, the three components are imperfectly correlated and inconsistently predictive of each other, resulting in dissimilar conclusions regarding the number and nature of homosexual populations. Depending on which component is assessed, the prevalence rate of homosexuality in the general population ranges from 1 to 21%. When investigators define the homosexual population based on same-sex behavior or identity, they enhance the possibility of finding a biological basis for homosexuality and a compromised mental health (suicidality). 相似文献
867.
868.
Stephanie J. Tarle Connor H. G. Patros Elaine F. Arrington Delanie K. Roberts 《Child neuropsychology》2019,25(5):664-687
The stop-signal paradigm is the premier metric of behavioral inhibition in contemporary attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) research. The stop-signal paradigm’s choice-reaction time component, however, arguably places greater demands on working memory processes (e.g., controlled-focused attention) relative to alternative inhibition metrics (i.e., go/no-go (GNG) tasks), and consequently obscures conclusions about inhibition and working memory deficits in affected children. The current study, therefore, aimed to determine whether shared variance between stop-signal behavioral inhibition and working memory performance in children with ADHD reflects overlap between the working memory and inhibition constructs or insufficient specificity of the stop-signal paradigm. Fifty-five children (8–12 years) with and without ADHD were administered established phonological (PH) and visuospatial (VS) working memory measures, as well as stop-signal and GNG tasks that vary with respect to demands on controlled-focused attention. Although working memory and GNG performance each uniquely predicted children’s inattention, stop-signal task performance was not a significant predictor of unique variance in inattention, above and beyond variance associated with working memory. Collectively, these findings suggest that performance on the stop-signal task, compared to the GNG task, is confounded by greater demands associated with working memory and consequently reflects an impure estimate of the inhibition construct. 相似文献
869.
Meagan E. Brock Baskin Victoria McKee 《International Journal of Selection & Assessment》2019,27(1):83-89
Time banditry has recently been introduced as a distinct construct in the organizational behavior literature. An employee is engaged in time banditry when he or she pursues nontask‐related activities during work time (i.e., chatting with a co‐worker or surfing the web). This study examines the novel concept of time banditry and the impact of climate on its prevalence in the workplace. Climate is a direct reflection of how employees feel about where they work, and is postulated to have a direct effect on engagement in time banditry behaviors. Results provide evidence that employee perceptions of process, policies, and satisfaction as they relate to the job climate are positively related to engagement in time banditry. Thus, when climates promote positive feelings at the job level, employees actually engage in more time banditry behavior. However, no significant relationship was found between time banditry and climate perceptions at the team or the organizational level. 相似文献
870.
Cynthia A. Hedricks Disha D. Rupayana Peter A. Fisher Chet Robie 《International Journal of Selection & Assessment》2019,27(2):139-151
Structured reference checks have been demonstrated to be a reliable and valid predictor of job performance. However, the reference check is a unique assessment method for personnel selection in that a third party, the reference provider, is the source of the critical information on the candidate. If a reference provider is unwilling to either partially or fully comply with a reference check request, the usefulness of the reference check is likely to be compromised. This study examined the factors affecting compliance of the potential reference provider with a reference check request. The sample consisted of 905 U.S. adults who were recruited through the Prolific online crowdsourcing platform ( https://prolific.ac ). We asked the participants a series of questions related to their actual experiences over the past year in responding to reference check requests. We also included a between‐subjects scenario that examined whether job candidate performance, relationship to job candidate, and method of providing the employment reference would affect hypothetical compliance. The results of the study can be used to more deeply understand the factors that are related to the compliance of the reference provider, and as a result, more fully understand the value of the reference check for selection. 相似文献