Complex decision making: A longitudinal study of process and performance

Two studies using a computer-simulated, strategy-formulation game and business students were conducted using simultaneous verbal protocols. It was found that a number of information-processing and information-evaluation thought processes were significantly related to game performance. Consistent with what is known about individual decision making, the present results suggest that, for the task used in this study, individuals who engage in causal analysis perform better than those who do not. But those who focus on negative emotions, blindly repeat previously successful decisions, and engage in illogical through processes perform more poorly than those who do not. Causal replication using real managers within organizational settings, however, is needed before firm conclusions can be drawn from this research.     

不同特质焦虑水平的选择性注意偏向

高特质焦虑个体常表现出对威胁性刺激的选择性注意偏向的特点。然而其潜在的神经机制目前仍不清楚。通过记录高、低特质焦虑者各17名进行情绪加工时的ERP,比较了两组个体在选择性注意偏向发生的时间进程和相关的神经反应的差异。结果发现,高特质焦虑者诱发出更大的N1,进一步发现恐惧图片比中性图片诱发更大的N1;而低特质焦虑者诱发了更大的N2,特质焦虑得分越低, N2波幅越大。结果初步说明高特质焦虑者加工早期对恐惧图片分配了较多的注意资源,并且其抑制执行功能可能受损;而低特质焦虑者较晚开始区分恐惧图片和中性图片。这些结果提供了支持认知-动机模型的新证据。     

Uniqueness of N-way N-mode hierarchical classes models

This paper presents two uniqueness theorems for the family of hierarchical classes models, a collection of order preserving Boolean decomposition models for binary N-way N-mode data. The theorems are compared with uniqueness results for the closely related family of N-way N-mode principal component models. It is concluded that the two-way two-mode PCA and N-way N-mode TuckerN models suffer more from a lack of identifiability than their hierarchical classes analogues, whereas the uniqueness conditions for N-way N-mode PARAFAC/CANDECOMP models are less restrictive than the ones derived for their N-way N-mode hierarchical classes counterparts.     

Genetic Counseling for Fragile X Syndrome: Updated Recommendations of the National Society of Genetic Counselors

These recommendations describe the minimum standard criteria for genetic counseling and testing of individuals and families with fragile X syndrome, as well as carriers and potential carriers of a fragile X mutation. The original guidelines (published in 2000) have been revised, replacing a stratified pre- and full mutation model of fragile X syndrome with one based on a continuum of gene effects across the full spectrum of FMR1 CGG trinucleotide repeat expansion. This document reviews the molecular genetics of fragile X syndrome, clinical phenotype (including the spectrum of premature ovarian failure and fragile X-associated tremor-ataxia syndrome), indications for genetic testing and interpretation of results, risks of transmission, family planning options, psychosocial issues, and references for professional and patient resources. These recommendations are the opinions of a multicenter working group of genetic counselors with expertise in fragile X syndrome genetic counseling, and they are based on clinical experience, review of pertinent English language articles, and reports of expert committees. These recommendations should not be construed as dictating an exclusive course of management, nor does use of such recommendations guarantee a particular outcome. The professional judgment of a health care provider, familiar with the facts and circumstances of a specific case, will always supersede these recommendations.     

Choosing to believe

This article defends a regulative ethics of voluntary belief. In order to determine the occasion and the scope of such an ethics, the article begins with an examination of the concept of belief in conversation with the view of J. L. Schellenberg. Next, against the dominant position in contemporary epistemology, it argues that some beliefs can be voluntary, in the sense that they are under the immediate control of the believer, and replies to William Alston’s influential objections to doxastic voluntarism. If some beliefs are subject to the immediate control of the believer, then in these cases believers are ethically responsible not only for how they investigate those beliefs, but also for the choice of whether or not to believe them. The article concludes by formulating and defending two types of regulative ethical principles governing voluntary belief.     

CyclinD、P16在子宫内膜异位症中的表达及意义

采用免疫组化法检测子宫内膜异位症（EMs）及对照组子宫内膜CyclinD和P16的表达。发现EMs组异位和在位内膜中两者的表达无显著差异（P〉O．05）,EMs组CyclinD的表达均高于对照组,而P16低于对照组,CyclinD在EMsⅠ期～Ⅱ期的表达低于Ⅲ期～Ⅳ期,P16的表达高于Ⅲ期～Ⅳ期,两者呈负相关,对照组与在位内膜CyclinD表达分泌期低于增生期,P16高于增生期（P均〈0.05）,而异位内膜的表达无周期性改变（P〉0.05）,提示两者在EMs的发生发展中起重要作用。     

The effects of hand and direction parameter preknowledge on choice reaction times

The two studies undertaken investigated how reaction times are affected by preknowledge concerning hand and direction parameters, and the order in which these data are disclosed. In the first experiment, preknowledge was manipulated by selecting 2-CRT pairs which had either a common hand or direction component. Reaction signal information content (as defined by the number of unknown response parameters) was controlled, but no parameter differences emerged. When parameter order was manipulated by sequential precuing, the ‘hand then direction’ order conferred a significant advantage. Motor preparation and response selection explanations for this effect are considered. Various difficulties with the paradigms used are discussed, including those of distinguishing between response selection and motor programming contributions, controlling and inferring the strategies adopted by subjects, and defining task difficulty. The prospects for independently fostering either response identification or motor preparation by means of an appropriate selection of precues are also discussed.     

糖尿病高血压和糖尿病肾病患者血清MMP-2及TIMP-1的表达及意义

为了探讨MMP-2、TIMP-1在DMEH和DN发病中的意义,随机收集T2DM患者146例,其中SDM 57例,DMEH 38例,DN 51例,健康对照38例。用ELISA法测定MMP-2、TIMP-1的含量。结果显示,DM患者尤其是DMEH和DN患者血清MMP-2明显低于健康对照组,P均〈0.01,且随病情发展呈逐渐降低趋势。而血清TIMP-1随病情的发展则呈现明显的上升趋势,SDM、DMEH组和DN组与健康对照组比较,分别为P〈0.05,P〈0.01和P〈0.01。因此,MMP-2和TIMP-1可能参与了DMEH和DN的发生发展过程,定期检测DM患者血清MMP-2和TIMP-1的含量变化有助于DM并发症的早期诊断和疗效观察。