老年人术后认知功能障碍的影响因素和预防

人口老龄化问题日趋严重,老龄社会已悄然到来,老年人手术,术前、术中、术后都有其独特性,如何避免或者减少手术后并发症的发生,尤其是预防严重并发症的发生意义重大。笔者从老年人生理改变,老年人术后认知功能障碍（postoperative cognitive disorder,POCD）的影响因素以及手术前、手术中（麻醉期）、...     

The psychological neuroscience of depression: implications for understanding effects of deep brain stimulation

In this article it is suggested that current psychological theories of depression presuppose that this condition will develop as a result of a vicious circle involving negatively biased communication between systems of emotional stress-/alarm-signaling, executive functions and mood regulation. These systems may from a neuroanatomical point of view be located in the limbic system, the orbitofrontal and lateral prefrontal cortex and the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA-) axis respectively. The theoretical and practical implications of this model for the understanding of pharmacological treatments of depression are briefly discussed and this theory is related to the catecholamine hypothesis of depression. The model is furthermore discussed in relation to deep brain stimulation (DBS) of treatment resistant major depression. Similarities and differences between this perspective and the one advocated by the "homeostatic theory" of depression are discussed. It is concluded that a topographical psychological theory may offer a useful heuristic in thinking about depression and that it offers several testable predictions about treatments of the disorder.     

Measuring cognitive factors in speech comprehension: The value of using the Text Reception Threshold test as a visual equivalent of the SRT test

The ability to comprehend speech in noise is influenced by bottom-up auditory and top-down cognitive capacities. Separate examination of these capacities is relevant for various purposes. Speech-Reception-Threshold (SRT) tests measure an individual's ability to comprehend speech. This paper addresses the value of the Text-Reception-Threshold (TRT) test (a visual parallel of the SRT test) to assess the cognitive capacities allocated during speech comprehension. We conducted a secondary data analysis, including 87 normally-hearing adults (aged 18 to 78 years). Correlation coefficients between age, TRT, working memory (Spatial Span) and SRT were examined. The TRT and SRT correlated significantly ( r  =   0.30), supporting the value of TRT in explaining inter-individual differences in SRTs. The relations between age and TRT and between SSP and TRT were non-significant. The results indicate that the current TRT test does not fully cover the cognitive aspects relevant in speech comprehension. Adaptation of the test is required before clinical implementation can be considered.     

Enhancing Positive Citizenship Ideals on Students Through Bibliotherapy and Cognitive Counseling

1　Ｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ　　Ａｃｈｉｅｖｉｎｇｐｏｓｉｔｉｖｅｃｉｔｉｚｅｎｓｈｉｐｉｄｅａｌｓｉｎａｓｏｃｉｅｔｙｉｓａｎｅｓｓｅｎｔｉａｌｉｎｇｒｅｄｉｅｎｔｆｏｒｔｈｅｓｕｓｔｅｎａｎｃｅｏｆａｖｉａｂｌｅａｎｄｆｏｒｗａｒｄ ｌｏｏｋｉｎｇｓｏｃｉｏ ｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌａｎｄｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌｅｎｔｉ ｔｙ .Ｐｏｓｉｔｉｖｅｃｉｔｉｚｅｎｓｈｉｐｉｄｅａｌｓａｒｅｔｉｅｄａｒｏｕｎｄｃｏｍｍｉｔ ｍｅｎｔａｎｄｓｅｒｖｉｃｅｉｎｔｅｒｍｓｏｆｔｈｅｐｌｅｄｇｉｎｇｏｆｔｈｅｉｎｄｉ ｖｉｄｕ…     

幼儿说谎认知的年龄特征及其与心理理论水平的关系

研究探讨了3～4岁幼儿说谎认知的年龄特征,并在此基础上考察了说谎的概念理解水平与道德评价之问的关系,及说谎认知与心理理论水平的关系。结果表明：3岁和4岁幼儿在说谎和说真话概念的判断上年龄差异显著,在对说谎的道德评价上,年龄差异不显著;幼儿心理理论与说谎概念的相关显著,4岁组的心理理论与道德评价的相关显著。     

大学生英语学习过程中认知因素与情感因素对学业成绩的影响

利用调查问卷法对152名大学生就英语学习中的认知因素(以学习风格和学习策略为核心)和情感因素(以成就动机和学习意愿为核心)对于学习成绩的影响进行了相关研究,继而通过多元回归方法与路径分析技术,探讨了三者之间的因果关系。研究结果表明,学习意愿、成就动机、学习风格与英语成绩之间具有显著性相关,而学习策略与英语成绩之间的相关不显著。学习风格作为中介变量在对学生的英语学习有着重要的影响。学习意愿与成就动机通过学习风格而问接地作用于英语学习绩效。     

人格特质对选择性加工偏向的影响

采用词性辨别和注意探测任务,考察了神经质和外倾性对选择性加工偏向的影响。结果表明：（1）放试在选择信息时存在特质一致性倾向;（2）在单一刺激条件下,当刺激词呈现时间为0．5s时,高神经质对所有效价词的RT均快于低神经质;而当呈现时间为1．0s时,外倾者比内倾者的反应潜伏期更短4（3）双重刺激条件下的选择性加工偏向比单一刺激条件更明显;（4）在词性辨别任务中．刺激词呈现时间只影响了神经质被试对情绪词的RT;在注意探测任务中,呈现时间对内外倾被试的加工偏向影响不显著。     

执行功能中认知灵活性发展的研究进展

近十多年以来,执行功能已成为研究的热点和前沿。认知灵活性是执行功能的主要成分,它对个体能力发展和对环境适应的方面起着重要作用。该文从认知灵活性的本质、发展、研究方法及其与教育的关系进行探讨。     

Spiritual Development Across the Adult Life Course: Findings from a Longitudinal Study

Longitudinal data spanning early (30s) and older (late 60s/mid-70s) adulthood were used to study spiritual development across the adult life course in a sample of men and women belonging to a younger (born 1928/29) and an older (born 1920/21) age cohort. All participants, irrespective of gender and cohort, increased significantly in spirituality between late middle (mid-50s/early 60s) and older adulthood. Members of the younger cohort increased in spirituality throughout the adult life cycle. In the second half of adulthood, women increased more rapidly in spirituality than men. Spiritual involvement in older age was predicted by religious involvement and personality characteristics in early adulthood and subsequent experiences of negative life events.     

Life-Review Technique in the Treatment of PTSD in Elderly Patients: Rationale and Three Single Case Studies

Persons exposed to traumatic events in childhood and adolescence may suffer from the symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) well into old age. The aim of this paper is to introduce a structured life-review technique for the treatment of elderly PTSD patients. This technique centers on the discussion and evaluation of each consecutive stage of life. The therapist encourages the patient to reminisce on both positive and negative experiences; positive coping experiences are reinforced. A single session on the traumatic event is integrated into the discussion of the stages of life, which are dealt with in chronological order. In the following, 3 case studies (e.g., survivors of the 1945 Dresden bombing) are presented. Psychometric measures (PTSS-10, IES-R) for the case studies are reported. Finally, the potential and limitations of the pilot study and the new approach are discussed.