社交焦虑个体外显与内隐自尊的研究

社交恐惧图式理论、社交恐惧模式、和社交恐惧认知行为模式等认知理论,都认为社交恐惧产生于不良的自我图式。为了探讨社交恐惧个体是否具有不良的自我图式,要求40名高社交恐惧个体和30名低社交焦虑个体完成了自尊量表和内隐联想任务。结果发现：高社交恐惧个体在自尊量表上的得分显著低于低社交恐惧个体,但在内隐自尊上,他们都有着积极的自尊,且无显著差异。这一研究结果不支持社交恐惧的认知理论。根据自我呈现理论讨论了研究结果。     

Effects of pre-trial response requirements on self-control choices by rats and pigeons

Parallel experiments with rats and pigeons examined whether the size of a pre-trial ratio requirement would affect choices in a self-control situation. In different conditions, either 1 response or 40 responses were required before each trial. In the first half of each experiment, an adjusting-ratio schedule was used, in which subjects could choose a fixed-ratio schedule leading to a small reinforcer, or an adjusting-ratio schedule leading to a larger reinforcer. The size of the adjusting ratio requirement was increased and decreased over trials based on the subject's responses, in order to estimate an indifference point-a ratio at which the two alternatives were chosen about equally often. The second half of each experiment used an adjusting-delay procedure-fixed and adjusting delays to the small and large reinforcers were used instead of ratio requirements. In some conditions, particularly with the reinforcer delays, the rats had consistently longer adjusting delays with the larger pre-trial ratios, reflecting a greater tendency to choose the larger, delayed reinforcer when more responding was required to reach the choice point. No consistent effects of the pre-trial ratio were found for the pigeons in any of the conditions. These results may indicate that rats are more sensitive to the long-term reinforcement rates of the two alternatives, or they may result from a shallower temporal discounting rate for rats than for pigeons, a difference that has been observed in previous studies.     

Is CAG sequence length in the androgen receptor gene correlated with finger-length ratio?

Manning, Bundred, Newton, and Flanagan reported a significant correlation of .29 in a sample of 50 British males between the length of a repeated sequence on the androgen receptor gene and 2D:4D finger-length ratio on the right hand. We report a 2nd failure to replicate this result. Ours was a sample of 182 Australian male twins studied for other purposes, for whom both measures were available. The result was a nonsignificant correlation of −.055. A similar result was obtained for female twins, and for comparisons within sibling pairs. Correlations are also reported for left hands and right-left differences--the last showed a weak tendency toward replication.     

Decoding the implicit association test: Implications for criterion prediction

The implicit association test (IAT) is believed to measure implicit evaluations by assessing reaction times on two cognitive tasks, often termed “compatible” and “incompatible” tasks. A common rationale for studying the IAT is that it might improve our prediction and understanding of meaningful psychological criteria. To date, however, no clear psychometric theory has been advanced for this measure. We examine the theory, methods and analytic strategies surrounding the IAT in the context of criterion prediction to determine measurement and causal models a researcher embraces (knowingly or unknowingly) by using the test. Our analyses reveal that the IAT revolves around interpretation of two distinct relative constructs, one at the conceptual level and one at the observed level. We show that interest in relative implicit evaluations at the conceptual level imposes a causal model that is restrictive in form. We then examine measurement models of the IAT and show how computing a difference score at the observed level may lack empirical justification. These issues are highlighted in a study replicating an effect established in the literature (Study 1). We then introduce a new variant of the IAT and use it to evaluate the reasonableness of traditional IAT methods (Study 2).     

血液透析患者在线血流量与Kt／V及尿素清除率因果关系分析

通过测定维持性透析患者血管通路血流量、Kt/V及尿素清除率(URR),利用自然辨证法中因果关系的复杂性探讨血流量与透析充分性之间的因果关系。选择维持性血液透析患者80例。设定血液透析开始后在线血流量,根据血流量不同分为三组,I组血流量300ml/min,Ⅱ组血流量250ml/min,Ⅲ组血流量200ml/min,计算各组Kt/V值与尿素减少率,观察血流量与Kt/V及尿素减少率之间的相关关系。三组之间Kt/V、URR比较P<0.001,差异均具有显著性;血流量与Kt/V、URR之间呈正相关(r1=0.448,P<0.001;r2=0.413,P<0.001;)随着血流量从300ml/min降到200ml/min,Kt/V、URR分别从1.33±0.33、(68.19±8.86)%降到0.99±0.31、(58.59±13.19)%。血液透析患者的血流量与Kt/V、URR密切相关,两者之间存在因果关系,较高的在线血流量是保证透析充分性的一项重要指标。     

大连地区健康人群体重指数分布状况的调查分析

调查分析大连地区健康人群中体重指数(BMI)、腰臀围比(WHR)的分布状况。对630例长期居住大连地区的21岁～60岁汉族健康成人的BMI、WHR进行调查分析,检测受检者身高、体重、腰围、臀围,按不同年龄段、不同性别分析BMI、WHR的性别及年龄分布。大连地区健康人群总体的平均BMI为(23.66±3.12)kg/m~2,其中男性为(24.66±2.88)kg/m~2。女性为(22.41±2.97)kg/m~2,经t检验有显著差异(t=11.85,P＜0.001)。BMI≥25的人群比例为24.1%,BMI≥30的为3.0%。BMI随年龄变化的曲线为斜线,从21岁～60岁,随着年龄的增长而显著升高,51岁～60岁达到最高峰;WHR随年龄变化的曲线为斜线,随着年龄的增长而显著升高,51岁～60岁达到最高峰。随着社会生活水平的提高,人群中BMI、WHR结构发生了明显的变化,肥胖者日趋增多,应重视超重和肥胖的防治工作。     

非医用胚胎植入前基因诊断性别的伦理思考

对胚胎植入前基因诊断(PGD)性别的非医学用途,尚有很多争议。从伦理学角度考虑,非医用PGD性别选择存在文化差异,在亚洲一些国家可能会引起人口性别比失衡以及性别歧视等,在西方一些国家可能不存在类似问题。     

标准参照测验分数体系的探讨研究

随着考试事业的发展,标准参照测验（Criterion Referenced Test,CRT）也越来越多地受到人们的关注,但是它却陷入了用常模参照测验的方法来解释和报告分数的误区。该文从国内外重大标准参照测验CET-4＆CET-6、HSK、GRE、CLEP等分数体系入手,通过对其分数体系的共同点分析,探讨出适合于标准参照测验的分数体系,最后指出目前一些测验的分数体系仍然存在的问题。     

新一代测验理论-认知诊断理论的源起与特征

认知诊断理论被视为新一代测验理论的核心,是认知心理学与现代测量学相结合的产物。对认知诊断的研究已成为当前国外心理学研究的一个重要热点,并引起国内学者的广泛关注。本文从认知诊断的源起、概念、特征,及研究的基础、框架、意义和难点等七个方面对认知诊断的理论与技术作了一个简要述评,以期推进我国心理学界认知诊断的研究工作。     

网络游戏成瘾者的内隐攻击性研究

本研究通过IAT对网络游戏成瘾者的内隐攻击性进行了研究。研究表明:(1)与非网络游戏成瘾者相比,网络游戏成瘾者持有自我攻击性信念和对攻击性的更为积极的内隐态度;(2)网络游戏成瘾者与非网络游戏成瘾者在外显攻击性上没有表现出显著差异。