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891.
Russell M. Church 《Current directions in psychological science》2001,10(4):132-136
A Turing test is proposed to evaluate current computational and associative models of learning, and to guide theoretical developments. This test requires a specification of the procedures to which the model applies, a sampling of procedures and response measures, and an objective way to determine the difficulty of discriminating the responses of the model from the responses of the animal. Scalar timing theory is used as an example of a well-developed computational theory of timing that involves addition, multiplication, division, and sampling. The behavioral theory of timing is used as an example of a well-developed associative theory of timing that involves state transitions and strengthening of connections. A Turing test provides a way to evaluate such theories. 相似文献
892.
893.
本研究旨在探索不同文化背景下影响 4~ 6岁儿童人物画结构比例的因素及认知发展的规律。研究分为自由画人与按照规定要求画人两部分。发现多因素导致儿童自由画人结构失调 ,如绘画顺序、空间统筹安排能力、头躯包含的器官以及对其重要性的认识等均会影响儿童自由人物画的头躯比值。儿童能按要求事先安排规定人物画的结构比例 ,根据细节多寡相应加大或缩小人体有关部分 ,如增大躯干部分以容纳夹克衫的纽扣、口袋等细节 ,或相应缩小头的轮廓以示背影等。此外 ,注意与重要性等因素也会对规定人物画结构产生影响。 相似文献
894.
对15种测验等值方法的比较研究 总被引:20,自引:2,他引:18
此项研究通过试验方法对4种基于经典测验理论的等值方法和11种基于项目反应理论的等值方法进行了比较研究。研究数据为HSK正式考试的数据,研究采用了较为可靠的检验标准。研究结果表明,在有些情况下,进行等值处理并非是最好的选择;在题库建设中,某些IRT方法是可行的;至少对于HSK数据,不论是单、双、三参数,不论是ms方法和mm方法,IRT参数转换等值方法的误差都较大,均不足取。 相似文献
895.
Clintin P. Davis-Stober 《Journal of mathematical psychology》2009,53(1):1-13
Multinomial random variables are used across many disciplines to model categorical outcomes. Under this framework, investigators often use a likelihood ratio test to determine goodness-of-fit. If the permissible parameter space of such models is defined by inequality constraints, then the maximum likelihood estimator may lie on the boundary of the parameter space. Under this condition, the asymptotic distribution of the likelihood ratio test is no longer a simple χ2 distribution. This article summarizes recent developments in the constrained inference literature as they pertain to the testing of multinomial random variables, and extends existing results by considering the case of jointly independent mutinomial random variables of varying categorical size. This article provides an application of this methodology to axiomatic measurement theory as a means of evaluating properly operationalized measurement axioms. This article generalizes Iverson and Falmagne’s [Iverson, G. J. & Falmagne, J. C. (1985). Statistical issues in measurement. Mathematical Social Sciences, 10, 131-153] seminal work on the empirical evaluation of measurement axioms and provides a classical counterpart to Myung, Karabatsos, and Iverson’s [Myung, J. I., Karabatsos, G. & Iverson, G. J. (2005). A Bayesian approach to testing decision making axioms. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 49, 205-225] Bayesian methodology on the same topic. 相似文献
896.
Michael Strevens 《Philosophical Studies》2009,143(1):91-100
Elliott Sober argues that the statistical slogan “Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence” cannot be taken literally:
it must be interpreted charitably as claiming that the absence of evidence is (typically) not very much evidence of absence.
I offer an alternative interpretation, on which the slogan claims that absence of evidence is (typically) not objective evidence of absence. I sketch a definition of objective evidence, founded in the notion of an epistemically objective likelihood,
and I show that in Sober’s paradigm case, the slogan can, on this understanding, be sustained.
相似文献
Michael StrevensEmail: |
897.
Absence of evidence and evidence of absence: evidential transitivity in connection with fossils,fishing, fine-tuning,and firing squads 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Elliott Sober 《Philosophical Studies》2009,143(1):63-90
“Absence of evidence isn’t evidence of absence” is a slogan that is popular among scientists and nonscientists alike. This article assesses its truth by using a probabilistic tool, the Law of Likelihood. Qualitative questions (“Is E evidence about H?”) and quantitative questions (“How much evidence does E provide about H?”) are both considered. The article discusses the example of fossil intermediates. If finding a fossil that is phenotypically intermediate between two extant species provides evidence that those species have a common ancestor, does failing to find such a fossil constitute evidence that there was no common ancestor? Or should the failure merely be chalked up to the imperfection of the fossil record? The transitivity of the evidence relation in simple causal chains provides a broader context, which leads to discussion of the fine-tuning argument, the anthropic principle, and observation selection effects. 相似文献
898.
JENS EGELAND SUSANNE NORDBY JOHANSEN TORILL UELAND 《Scandinavian journal of psychology》2009,50(4):347-354
The aim of the study was to test whether sustained attention and vigilance, often considered as the same phenomenon, dissociate on the Conners' Continuous Performance Test, and whether subjects with ADHD-Inattentive type and ADHD-Combined type differ with regard to these measures. Sixty-five healthy controls and 67 subjects with ADHD between 9 and 16 years of age participated in the study. The ADHD-I group performed below control children on Hit Reaction Time Block Change, considered to measure sustained attention and the ADHD-C group scored below controls on Hit Reaction Time Inter-Stimulus-Interval, considered to measure vigilance. Comparing the two clinical groups showed a test by group interaction, with ADHD-I subjects performing below ADHD-C subjects with regard to sustained attention and above ADHD-C subjects with regard to vigilance. Sustained attention on the CCPT correlated specifically with parent and teacher ratings of inattention, but not with ratings of hyperactivity-impulsivity, while vigilance correlated with all symptom ratings. 相似文献
899.
Barber N 《Aggressive behavior》2009,35(1):49-56
Violent crimes (murders, rapes, and assaults) are substantially higher in countries with a relative scarcity of men according to research using INTERPOL data [Barber, 2000a]. This is a paradox given that males are more criminally violent and likely reflects increased direct mating competition. The present research sought to confirm and extend Barber's [2000a] finding, using murder data from the United Nations and homicides from World Health Organization that are of higher quality than the INTERPOL data, and using more rigorous controls. In addition to level of economic development, control variables included, income inequality, urbanization, population density, the number of police, and whether the country was a major center of illegal drug trafficking. Regression analyses with all controls found that killings in both data sets increased with declines in the male proportion of the population. The findings are discussed in terms of direct reproductive competition and alternative explanations are considered. 相似文献
900.