亲体肝移植的伦理学问题探讨

目前,肝移植已成为治疗终末期肝病的有效手段。活体肝移植术部分解决了供肝短缺的问题,10多年来其发展迅速,并取得了良好的疗效。由于活体肝移植需从活的供体身上切取部分肝脏,且供体多为患者家属,故存在着供体的选择、供体的贡献与代价,患者的家庭、心理、社会等伦理学问题。因此在提高活体肝移植技术水平的同时,必须充分考虑活体肝移植的伦理学问题,遵守伦理原则,使活体肝移植不但能从技术上达到,在伦理学方面也是可行的。     

湖北省保健干部健康状况主要影响因素分析

临床见习对整个医院医学体系维持、运行和发挥功能起着很重要的作用,但在具体实践中与患者的隐私权发生冲突时,又该如何保护患者的隐私权?以案件为例进行伦理分析,并通过伦理论辩求证"尊重自主原则"是保护患者隐私权的主要原则。     

国外军事医学伦理学的发展概论

走入战场的医生与正在进行与军事有关的医学研究的人员应具有的独特伦理准则,是军事医学伦理学研究的核心。但是军事医学伦理的准则始终受到战争的挑战。在新的反恐战争中,西方的军事医学伦理困惑聚增,使这一学科迅速发展并经历激烈争论。我们应关注西方的医学伦理在军事领域的延伸。     

手术戒毒:"非常规"医疗探索下的社会视阈

"手术戒毒"是以一种"非常规"的方式毁损一部分人脑记忆和意识,来探索戒断毒瘾的有效途径."非常规"的手术戒毒挑战了长久以来公众对毒品的"常规"认识以及现行的戒毒政策和方法,从技术、伦理以及观念、权益、法律规制和政策支持等社会层面考量了这一项"非常规"手术.     

Ist die linguistische Theorie des logischen Apriori obsolet?

The linguistic theory of the logical A Priori: is it obsolete In holistic interpretations, the logical truths are considered as continuous with empirical science: they are revisable, a posteriori, though very near to the centre of our web of belief. In this paper, we consider the merits and demerits of this approach, and we propose that it is necessary to revaluate holistic philosophies of logic. Some arguments are put forward which point in favour of the logical empiricists’ theory of logical truth. We argue (following Hartry Field) that the concept of “correlation between logical facts and logical beliefs” (which is at the heart of the holistic theory) is inconsistent. Finally, we concentrate on the principle of contradiction and argue (following Manley Thompson) that this principle is fundamental for meaning, truth, and thinking. This thesis is derived from considerations on the nature of intentionality. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

过度医疗的伦理学会诊及其治疗处方--兼论临床诊治最优化伦理准则

过度医疗是一个极其复杂的医学-社会问题,给予医学伦理学的解析是解决这一问题的最基本的工作。目前,服务质量虚高而服务收费真高是过度医疗的实质和特点;它貌似临床最优化服务,但却严重背离临床诊治最优化准则,对二者进行鉴别诊断是必要的、可能的;伦理学会诊的结论是：该病为疑难病综合征,由医者医学伦理素质低下、医院管理背弃伦理理念、医改政策中伦理机制缺席等多病因相互作用所致;所以,根治过度医疗的处方必须是全方位的、系列连续的、标本兼治的。     

普遍的正义如何可能——柏拉图正义论及发微

柏拉图试图解决正义是什么、正义如何可能和正义是何种价值这样一些根本问题 ,其提问题的方式、解决路径都是柏拉图式的。有借鉴意义的是正义植根于心灵深处的土壤以及社会供给正义的途径。实现正义是一个艰难且复杂的社会历史过程 ,推进民主进程、使正义理念扎根于民众的日常生活深处 ,相对正义的社会才会被建立起来 ,基于此种理念之上的用以保证、体现和实现正义的制度才会被设计出来。     

The Anthropic Principle: Life in the Universe

The anthropic principle, that the universe exists in some sense for life, has persisted in recent religious and scientific thought because it derives from cosmological fact. It has been unsuccessful in furthering our understanding of the world because its advocates tend to impose final metaphysical solutions onto what is a physical problem. We begin by outlining the weak and strong versions of the anthropic principle and reviewing the discoveries that have led to their formulation. We present the reasons some have given for ignoring the anthropic implications of these discoveries and find these reasons wanting—a real phenomenon demands real investigation. Theological and scientific solutions of the problem are then considered and criticized; these solutions provide dead ends for explanation. Finally, we pursue the path that explanation must follow and look at the physical details of the problem. It seems clear that the anthropic principle has been poorly framed. Removing the ambiguities surrounding the meaning of "life" may lead to more profitable investigations.     

Learner control of the pacing of an online slideshow lesson: Does segmenting help?

How can we improve the instructional effectiveness of an online slideshow lesson? In the present study, college students received a 12‐slide multimedia slideshow lesson on how a geographic information system works. In a 2 × 2 design, the lesson was presented one complete slide at a time (large segment) or added one section of the slide at a time (small segment) when the student pressed the CONTINUE key, and the words were presented in printed form (text) or spoken form (voice). Students performed significantly better on a transfer posttest when the lesson was paced in small segments rather than large segments (d = 0.34); there was no effect or interaction involving modality. The small‐segment version was rated as less difficult than the large‐segment version (d = 0.43). The segmenting principle was supported in the context of online slideshows.     

My Ordinary Anti-Sceptical Beliefs Are Not Insensitive

An orthodox sceptical hypothesis claims that one’s belief that “I am not a brain-in-a-vat (BIV)” (or any other ordinary anti-sceptical belief) is insensitive. A form of sensitivity-based scepticism, can thus be constructed by combining this orthodox hypothesis with the sensitivity principle and the closure principle. Unlike traditional solutions to the sensitivity-based sceptical problem, this paper will propose a new solution—one which does not reject either closure or sensitivity. Instead, I argue that sceptics’ assumption that one’s ordinary anti-sceptical beliefs are insensitive will give rise to self-contradiction. The orthodox sceptical hypothesis is thus revealed to be incoherent and arbitrary. Given that there is no coherent reason to presuppose our ordinary anti-sceptical beliefs to be insensitive, the argument for sensitivity-based scepticism can thus be blocked at a lower epistemological cost.